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THE

ANNALS

OF

ROGER DE HOVEDEN,

COMPRISING

THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND

AND OF

OTHER COUNTRIES OF EUROPE

PROM A.D. 732 TO A.D. 1201.

TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN WITH NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

BY HENRY T. RILEY, ESQ., B.A.

BAEBISTEE-AT-LAW.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. II.

'

A.D. 1181 TO A.D. 1201.

LONDON:

H. G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

MDCCCLm.

/LOO

THE ANNALS

OF

ROGER DE HOVEDEN.

THE SECOND PAET— CONTINUED.

IN the year of grace 1181, being the twenty-seventh year of the reign of king Henry, son of the empress Matilda, the said king was at Le Mans, on the day of the Nativity of our Lord. After this festival, he enacted throughout all his territories, heyond sea, that every man who had a hundred pounds of money An- jouin, in chattel property, should keep a horse and a complete set of military accoutrements ; that every man who had chattel property to the amount of forty, thirty, or twenty-five pounds Anjouin, at the least should have a hauberk, an iron head-piece, a lance and a sword ; while all other persons were to have a gambeson,1 an iron head-piece, a lance and a sword, or a bow and arrows ; and he forbade any person to sell or pledge his arms ; but on his death he was to leave the same to his next heir. When Philip, king of France, and Philip, earl of Flan- ders, came to hear of this, they ordered that their men should arm themselves in a similar manner.

• In the same year, after the Purification of Saint Mary, Lau- rence, archbishop of Dublin, came into Normandy, bringing with him the son of Roderic, king of Connaught, and delivered him to the king of England as a hostage for the performance of the treaty made between him and the king of Connaught, as to the payment of tribute by Ireland ; shortly after which the said archbishop of Dublin died at Auc, in Normandy, and was buried there. After his decease, the king of England sent to Ireland

1 The gambeson, or wambais, or subarmale, was made of quilted stuff, and formed the body armour of the burgesses.

VOL. II. B

2 ANNALS OP ROGER DE HOVEDEN. A. D. 1181.

Geoffrey de Haye, his own secretary, and the secretary of Alexis, the legate in Ireland, to take possession of the arch- bishopric of Dublin, and also sent with them John, the constable of Chester, and Richard of the Peak, to take charge of the city of Dublin, of which Hugh de Lacy had had the keeping. For our lord the king was unwilling that he should any longer have charge of it, because he had, without his permission, mar- ried the daughter of the king of Connaught, according to the usage of that country.

In the same year, our lord the pope most strictly commanded Richard, the archbishop of Canterbury, all pretexts and excuses laid aside, under pain of ecclesiastical censure, to compel Geof- frey, the bishop elect of the church of Lincoln, and son2 of our lord the king of England, either to renounce his election, or without delay to take priest's orders, and assume the dignity of the pontifical office. On this, Geoffrey being placed in a di- lemma, sensible of his own insufficiency, and considering that he was not competent to perform the duties of so arduous an office, preferred to renounce the episcopal office, rather than undertake to bear a burden which he could not support. Ac- cordingly, he wrote to Richard, the archbishop of Canterbury, to the following effect.

Tlw Letter of Geoffrey, bishop of Lincoln elect, on his resignation of that bishopric.

1 ' To the venerable father and lord Richard, by the grace of God, archbishop of Canterbury, and legate of the Apostolic See, Geof- frey, son and chancellor of our lord the king of England, health and all due and duteous respect. It has pleased his Apostolic Majesty to instruct your holiness to call upon me within a cer- tain time to take priest's orders and to assume the dignity of the pontifical office. Now upon considering how many bishops of more mature years, and more advanced in wisdom, are still hardly of an age to prove themselves equal to the requirements of such a weighty office, and are scarcely able to fulfil the duties of their pontificate without danger to souls, I have been alarmed at myself, who am so much younger, assuming a burden, which those more advanced in years are unable to bear, not doing so from any levity of feeling, but from a feeling of respect for my vows. Having therefore had an interview hereon, with our lord the king, my father, and my lords and brothers the king 2 Illegitimate son. He was Afterwards archbishop of York.

A.D. 1181. LETTER OF POPE ALEXANDER. 3

and the earls of Poitou and Brittany, and Henry, bishop of Bayeux, Eroger, bishop of Seez, Keginald, bishop of Bath, Sigfred, bishop of Chichester, who were present, I have come to a different determination as to my mode of life and profession, wishing for a time to serve in a military capacity under the orders of the king, my father, and to refrain from interfering in episcopal matters. Accordingly, most holy father, I do spontaneously, freely, and entirely, resign into your hands all rights consequent upon my election, as also the see of Lincoln ; requesting of you as being my metropolitan, and for this pur- pose especially delegated by the Apostolic See, absolution both from the said election and from holding the said bishopric. Farewell."

In like manner, the said bishop elect of Lincoln wrote to the canons of the church of Lincoln, asking of them absolu- tion both from the said election and from holding the said bishopric. After this, our lord, the king, by whose advice his son Geoffrey had resigned his election into the hands of the arch- bishop of Canterbury, gave him his chancellorship and a yearly revenue of five hundred marks in England, and the same in Normandy.

In this year, Saladin, the king of Babylon, seeing that Bald- win, king of Jerusalem, being smitten with leprosy, had not strength to resist him, raising a great force, came into the land of Jerusalem, and laid it waste, and there was no person to make any resistance to him. In the same year, the king of England was at Chinon during the festival of Easter ; and after Easter returned into Normandy, and held a conference with Philip, king of Prance, at Ve Saint llemy, on the fifth day before the calends of May, being the second day of the week ; at which the Tem- plars and Hospitallers of Jerusalem presented to the before- named Idngs letters from Alexander, the Supreme Pontiff, to the following effect :

The Letter of pope Alexander on the necessity of giving aid to the land of Jerusalem.

" Alexander, the bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his dearly beloved sons, those noble men, the dukes and princes, earls, barons, and all the faithful servants of God, to whom these letters shall come, health and the Apostolic benediction. The sinister rumours which, according to the universal report of those passing this way, have reached us from the land of

B 2

ANNALS OF BOGER DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1181.

Jerusalem, have afflicted our heart and those of all our brethren with excessive grief ; inasmuch as any one who has the name of Christian can hardly even hear, without tears and sighs, the recitals that are given as to the wretched state of that country. For it is (and with grief we own it) trodden down under the inroads of the infidels, and so utterly bereft of the prowess of men of might, and the prudent counsel of men of probity, that un- less the people receive from the Christian kings and princes of the earth speedy and powerful succour, we fear, which may God forbid, the speedy desolation thereof, thus working to the disgrace of the Lord, and to the contempt of the Christian faith. For there is no king to rule that land, inasmuch as Bald- win, who now holds the helm of state, has been (as we believe you are aware) so grievously scourged under the righteous judgments of God, that he is hardly able to endure the inces- sant torments of his body. Indeed, the heavy losses and the shocking misfortunes, both in men and property, which that land (for which our fathers and ancestors shed their blood in the battles which they formerly waged with the heathens) has, in consequence of its sins so requiring it, endured, we can neither without great sorrowing at heart call to our recollection, nor can any who are zealous for the law of the Lord, endure with feelings of patience calamities of the faithful so mighty ; and the more especially so, as this most abominable nation of the pagans, in consequence of the losses and dangers which they have inflicted upon the nation of the Christians, are said to be inspired with such audacity as impudently to boast that they will, which God forbid, gain possession of that land. There- fore let the zeal of the Lord move you, and let not the Christian religion sleep in its sorrow over such mighty evils as are threat- ening that land ; but, on the contrary, manfully defend all those places which our Saviour and Redeemer has sanctified by His bodily presence, and despise the nations which reject the Lord, and strive to sweep away the Christian name from off the earth. For indeed, there is no Christian who is not moved at the mis- fortunes of the before-named land, and who does not prepare for the purpose of defending it from the attacks of the infidels, while they are striving to possess it, and, which God forbid, to profane it by their abominations. Therefore, those among you who are valiant and fit for waging war, ought, as a matter of duty, to undertake a work as pious as it is necessary and the la- bours of this pilgrimage, clothed no less with the shield of faith

A. D. 1181. LETTEK OF POPE ALEXANDEB. 5

and the breastplate of justice than with worldly arms, and to defend those places in which the Eedeemer of mankind has been willing to die for us and has undergone a temporal death, with powerful might, so that in our times Christianity may suffer no detriment in those parts. For inasmuch as Christ for our salvation endured many insults, and, last of all, suspension on the cross, that He might make an offering of us to God, mortified in the flesh and justified in the spirit, it is most conducive to the salvation of the faithful that on His behalf we should expose our bodies to perils and to labours, that so we may not seem to be forgetful of the price of His blood which He shed for us. Give heed therefore, my beloved sons in Christ, and consider how disgraceful it would be, and how deserving of the grief of all Christians, if at last the enemies of the cross of Christ should prevail against the dwellers in that land ; and that they will prevail we have no small dread, unless assistance is brought in all haste from the different parts of Christendom to those who dwell there. Therefore, take precaution and exert all your endeavours that Christianity may not succumb to heathenism, inasmuch as it is better to meet an impending evil before it comes, than to seek a remedy after the cause has been injured. To those also, who in behalf of Christ shall undertake the labours of this expedition, we do, by the Apostolic authority, grant and confirm that re- mission of sins, which the fathers, our predecessors, Urban and Eugenius, the Eoman Pontiffs, gave by their enactments. The wives also, and children of such persons, and their goods and possessions, we do decree, to be under the protection of Saint Peter and of ourselves, as also of the archbishops and bishops and other prelates of the Church ; strictly forbidding, that after the assumption of the cross, any claim shall be entertained with reference to the things of which they are in peaceable possession, until such time as they shall return, or certain information shall have been brought of their death. Let it also be lawful for them, after their relations, or even their superior lords, to whom the fee belongs, have shown them- selves unwilling or unable to lend them money thereon, to pledge their lands or other possessions to churches or to eccle- siastics or others of the faithful, freely and without any challenge thereof, in order to defray the expenses of the said expedition. Moreover, such men, accustomed to arms and fitted for the de- fence of that land, as shall, in the fervour of their devotion,

6 ANNALS OF EOGEB DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1181.

repair to those holy places, and serve there for a period of two years against the Saracens, in defence of the Christian name, trusting in the merits of Jesus Christ and in the authority of the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul, we do give them absolution for all those sins of which with a contrite and hum- ble heart they shall make confession, unless they shall happen to have taken property that belongs to another, or to have extorted usurious interest, or to have committed thefts ; for all which Offences due reparation ought to be made. But if those who are guilty thereof have not the means of making such repara- tion, nevertheless they shall obtain pardon for their offences, as we have already mentioned. And those who shall have re- mained there but one year, as we have previously mentioned, shall obtain an indulgence for one half the penance enjoined them and remission of their sins. And, further, to all, who, by reason of urgent necessity, are wishful to visit the sepulchre of our Lord, whether they die on the road, or whether they arrive at that place, we do enjoin that the labour of the said journey shall be in place of penance, and obedience, and for the remission of all their sins, that so by the bounty of God, they may arrive from the turmoils of this life at that state of blessedness, 1 Which eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither hath en- tered into the heart of man/ 15 and which the Lord hath promised to those who love Him. Given at Tusculanum, on the seven- teenth day before the calends of February."

The said pope also wrote to the archbishops, bishops, and other prelates of churches with reference to the same subject, to the following effect : —

Another Letter of pope Alexander on the same subject.

" Alexander the bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his venerable brethren the archbishops and bishops, and to his dearly beloved sons the abbats and other prelates of churches to whom these letters shall come, health and the Apostolic benediction. Inasmuch as the eastern lands, by reason of the attacks and assaults of the infidels, have been deprived of the prowess of men of valour and the counsel of men of pro- bity, and are stricken with exceeding dismay, the archbishops, bishops, and other chief men of the land, have thought proper to send to your parts our dearly beloved sons, the knights of the Temple, the bearers of these presents, religious men, and who 15 1 Cor. ii. 9.

A.D. 1181. LETTEB OF POPE ALEXANDEE. 4

fear God, in order to implore your aid ; wherefore we, whom the calamities of that land afflict with intense sorrow, after the example of our fathers and predecessors, being anxious for the preservation thereof, do by this healthful warning exhort the Christian kings and princes of the world to the defence of those places in which the feet of the Lord have stood ; and for that purpose, we do proclaim to all sinners, who, in the cause of Christ, shall undertake the labour of aiding Jerusalem, and shall with faithful duteousness make it their care to fight against the Saracens, that remission and forgiveness of sins, which the fathers, our predecessors, Urban and Eugenius, the Roman Pontiffs, gave by their enactments. We do therefore advise and strictly enjoin the whole of you, to receive with kindly feelings the brethren who have been sent for this purpose, and after learning through them the state of the countries of the east, and the necessities thereof, to labour by frequent and anxious exhortations to induce the princes, earls, and others of the faithful in Christ in your respective dioceses, to repair with all haste to these lands, for the delivery of which their fathers and ancestors have shed their own blood, and to fight with might and valour against the enemies of the cross of Christ. The letters which for this purpose we send, addressed to all generally, you will cause to be publicly read in all churches and will explain the tenor thereof, and will announce the remission of sins which we grant to those who shall engage in a work so pious and so necessary, and so advise all persons to do that which we suggest. And may, through your anxiety and your exhortations, that land speedily be sensible of the aid and suc- cour of the faithful, and may you yourselves in return for it, gain from Almighty God an everlasting reward. Given at Tusculanum,16 on the sixteenth day of January."

On hearing of this, Philip, king of France, and Henry, king of England, greatly lamenting the adversities and the de- solation of the land of Jerusalem, promised that they would, with the aid of the Lord, give speedy succour thereto ; upon which, the interview was brought to a close.

In the meantime, William, king of Scotland, by the com- mand of our lord the king of England, came into Normandy, and by his counsel and advice the said king of Scotland gave liberty to return to Matthew, bishop of Aberdeen, and John, bishop of Saint Andrew's, whom he had banished from Soot- 16 The modern Frascati.

ANNALS OF ROGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1131.

land. An agreement was entered into between them, in presence of the king of England, to the following effect : — That Matthew, bishop of Aberdeen, should freely and without any opposition, under the safe conduct of the king of Scotland, return to his own see, and if anything should have been taken from him, the same should be restored ; and John, who had been consecrated bishop of Saint Andrew's, in order to regain the favour of his lord the king of Scotland, agreed that he would give up to him the said bishopric, if he should be allowed to choose whatever bishopric he might please in the kingdom of Scotland, and if in addition thereto, the king of Scotland should give him his chancellorship and all the revenues which he had held before his consecration, together with forty marks of yearly revenue from the church of Saint Andrew's. Upon this the king of Scotland sent his envoys to pope Alexander, to request that for the sake of peace, he would allow this change of episcopal sees to take place ; this, however, our lord, the pope, would not allow.

After these transactions, the king of England gave to John Fitz-Luke, his clerk, the bishopric of Exeter, and to Ralph de "Warnville, who was his chancellor and treasurer of the church of York, the bishopric of Lisieux, which Arnulph, bishop of Lisieux, had vacated in consequence of the dislike which the king had taken to him ; for when he found that he could at no price obtain the royal favour, he preferred resigning the bishopric, to enduring the king's hatred any longer. Accordingly, after getting in his gold and silver from every quarter, of which he was said to have a large quantity, and having received from the king of England a large sum of money for vacating his bishopric, he went to Paris, and remained at the church of Saint Victor there until the day of his death. After this, while the king of England was making a stay at Barbeflet,17 with the intention of passing over to England, a dispute arose between Philip, king of France, and Philip, earl of Flanders, concerning the count of Claremont, whom the earl of Flanders greatly disliked. The king of England, therefore, at the request of the king of France, attended a conference between them at Gisors, and made peace between the king of France and the earl of Flanders. After this, the king of England came to Cherbourg, and, passing over to England, landed at Ports- mouth, on the seventh day before the calends of August, being 17 Harfleur.

A.n. 1181. ASSIZE AS TO KEEPING ARMS.

the Lord's day, with "William, king of the Scots, who accom- panied him.

Shortly after this, the king of England made the follow- ing assize as to keeping arms throughout England :

" Whoever has a single knight's fee must keep a cuirass, a helmet, a shield, and a lance, and every knight must keep as many cuirasses, helmets, shields, and lances as he has knights' fees in his demesne. Every free layman, who shall have in chattels or in rental to the amount of sixteen marks, must have a hauberk, an iron head-piece, and a lance ; and all burgesses, and all companies of freemen must keep a gambeson, an iron head-piece, and a lance; and every person may make oath that before the feast of Saint Hilary he will provide such arms, and will do fealty to our lord the king, namely, Henry, the son of the empress Matilda, and will hold the said arms at his ser- vice in obedience to his command, and in fealty to his lord the king and to his realm. And no person, after he shall have provided the said arms, is to sell the same, or to make a pledge thereof, or to lend them, or in any way to part with them ; nor is the lord in any way to take them from his homager, either by way of fine, gift, or pledge, or in any other way whatso- ever. And if any person having the said arms shall die, his arms shall remain with his heir ; and if his heir be not of such an age that he can use arms, if required, then the person who shall have the guardianship of him, shall in like manner have the guardianship of such arms, and shall find a man to use the said arms in the service of our lord the king, if needs be, until the heir shall be of such an age as to be able to bear arms, and then he is to have them. And further, what- ever burgess shall have more arms than according to this assize he ought to have, he is to sell the same, or give them away, or part with them to some person who shall wield them in Eng- land in the service of our lord the king. And no one of them is to retain more arms than in conformity with this assize he ought to have. Also, no Jew is to keep in his possession a cuirass or hauberk ; but he is to sell the same or give them away, or in some other manner dispose thereof, but so that they continue to be used in the service of our lord the king of Eng- land. Also, no person is to carry arms out of England except with the leave of our lord the king, and no one is to sell arms to any person for him to carry them out of England, and no merchant or other person is to carry them out of England. Also,

10 ANNALS OF ROGEB DE HOVEDEX. A.D. 1181-

the justices are to cause oath to be made by lawful knights, or by other free and lawful men of hundreds, visnets,18 and burghs, as may seem most expedient to them, that those who have the value in chattels to the amount above stated, shall provide, as they ought, a cuirass, helmet, lance, and shield, according to what has been mentioned above ; and that for the said purpose they will name all those of their hundreds, visnets, and boroughs, who have sixteen marks' value either in chattels or yearly ren- tal ; and after that, the justices are to cause all of them to be registered, both jurors and the others, both who they are and what chattels or rental they have, and what arms each ought to provide, according to the value of the chattels or rental ; and after that, in their presence and in the hearing of them all, they are to cause this assize to be read as to keeping arms, and to cause them to make oath that they will provide such arms according to the aforesaid value of the chattels or rental, and will hold the same at the service of our lord the king in conformity with the aforesaid assize, in obedience to the command of and in fealty to their lord, king Henry, son of the empress Matilda, and to his realm. And if it shall so happen that any one of those persons who ought to provide such arms shall not be in the county at the time when the jus- tices shall be in that county, then the justices are to appoint a time for him to appear before them in another county. And if the said persons shall not come to them in any county through which they shall pass, and shall not be in those dis- tricts, then they are to name a time at Westminster, on the octave of Saint Michael, that each may then be there for the purpose of making oath, as he loves himself and all that belongs to him ; and orders are to be given to him before the feast of Saint Hilary before-named, to provide arms according as he is bound to provide the same. And further, the justices are to cause proclamation to be made throughout all counties through which they shall pass, that those persons who shall not provide the said arms as herein commanded, the king will lay hands on their bodies, and will on no account take from them their lands or chattels. Also, no person is to be sworn as of the free and lawful men who has not sixteen marks or ten marks in chattels. Also, the justices are to give orders throughout all the counties through which they shall pass, that

is « Neighbourhoods ;" from the Norman " vesine ;" probably, small communities not unlike the " frith-borgs" of the Anglo-Saxons.

A.D. 1181. THE KING OF SCOTLAND EXCOMMUNICATED. 11

no person, 'as lie loves himself and all that belongs to him, shall buy or sell any ship for the purpose of transport from England ; and that no person shall carry timber, or cause it to be carried, out of England. The king has also ordered that no person shall be admitted to the oath of arms unless he is a free man."

In the same year, Henry, king of England, son of the em- press Matilda, gave to John Cumin, his clerk, the archbishopric of Dublin, in Ireland, at Evesham, on the eighth day before the ides of September. In the same year William, arch- bishop of Rheims, came to England on a pilgrimage to the Martyr Saint Thomas of Canterbury. In the same year Dufe- nald, the son of William, the son of Dunecan, who had often laid claim to the kingdom of Scotland, entered Scotland with a large army, and laid waste the parts near the sea-coast. In this year also, John, bishop of Saint Andrew's, pronounced sentence of excommunication against Eichard de Morville, the constable, and Richard de Prebenda, and others of the household of the king of Scotland, who had caused a breach of the peace between himself and the king. In addition to this, Roger, archbishop of York, the legate in Scotland, and Hugh, bishop of Durham, by the authority of our lord the pope, commanded the prior of Saint Andrew's and the ecclesiastical personages throughout the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, to go to John, their bishop, and pay him the respect of their duteous submission, declaring that if they refused, they would pronounce upon them, as being contumacious and rebellious, sentence of suspension. On this, some of the ecclesiastics of the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, through fear of suspension, came to the before-named bishop John ; on which William, the king of Scotland, expelled them from his kingdom, with their sons and kinsmen, and even those who, hanging at their mother's breasts, were yet crying in the cradle. Roger, archbishop of York, and Hugh, bishop of Durham, seeing the shocking proscription of these persons, acted in obedience to the mandate of our lord the pope ; for Roger, archbishop of York, excommunicated William, king of Scotland, and both he and Hugh, bishop of Durham, pronounced sentence of interdict on all the territories of the king of Scot- land, ordering the bishops, abbats, priors, and other ecclesi- astical persons strictly and inviolably to observe the said sen- tence of interdict, and carefully to avoid the king himself as an excommunicated person.

12 ANXALS OF KOGEE DE HOVEDEN. A. D. 1181.

In the same year died pope Alexander the Third, in the twenty-second year of his papacy, and on the twelfth day before the calends of October, being succeeded in the papacy by Imbald, cardinal bishop of Ostia, who took the name of pope Lucius the Third. In the same year, Eoger, archbishop of York, being attacked with a severe illness, on perceiving the last day of his life at hand, called together the abbats, priors, and other ecclesi- astical persons of his diocese, and with becoming considerateness distributed his property for the use of the poor, and among other wondrous deeds of his power,19 to perpetuate his praises, he sent to William, archbishop of Rheims, and the other bishops of the kingdom of France, more than five hundred pounds of silver to be distributed among the poor. In like manner he left a similar sum to the archbishop of Rouen and the other bishops of Normandy ; and the same to the archbishop of Canterbury and the other bishops of England. Having thus made distribution of all his property, he removed from Gowda, where he was taken ill, to York, the metropolitan see of his archiepiscopate, where on the tenth day before the calends of December, being Satur- day, at twilight, he departed this life, full of days, after having happily ruled his archbishopric twenty-seven years and six weeks. His body was buried by Hugh, bishop of Durham, in the choir of the canons secular of the metropolitan church at York ; William, the king of Scotland, still remaining under the sentence of excommunication which the before-named arch- bishop of York had pronounced against him.

Upon hearing of the death of the archbishop of York, Wil- liam, king of Scotland, was greatly delighted ; and holding a council with the bishops, earls, and elders of his territories, sent Jocelyn, bishop of Glasgow, and Arnulph, abbat of Melrose, and other wise and discreet ecclesiastics of his kingdom to Rome, to Lucius, the Supreme Pontiff, in order that he might be absolved from the said sentence of excommunication, and that his lands might be released from the interdict, and in order that, if in any way it could be brought about, John, bishop of Saint Andrew's, might be deposed.

When word was brought to the king of England that the be- fore-named archbishop had gone the way of all flesh, he sent his servants throughout all the archbishopric of York, giving orders that all of which the said archbishop in his illness had made distribution should be confiscated ; which was accordingly 19 Charity rather, one would think.

A..T). 1182. THE BISHOP OF DURHAM DISPLEASES THE K.I1TG. 13

done. For the entire devise, which in his illness he had made, was, by the king's command, rendered null and void ; as our lord the king asserted that the before-named archbishop of York had pronounced an opinion in his lifetime that it was not lawful for any ecclesiastical person to make a devise except at a time before he was taken ill.

In the same £ear, count Stephen, the uncle of Philip, king of Prance, seized the lands of a certain person his neighbour, and withheld them by force, and did homage for them to Philip, earl of Flanders ; on doing which, the king of France laid hands on them, and the earl of Flanders claimed restitu- tution thereof to be made to himself and earl Theobald ; and the king of France, refusing to accede thereto, the earl of Flanders entered the territories of the king of France with a hostile hand, and ravaged them. In the same year, Hugh, earl of Chester, departed this life, and was succeeded in the earldom by his son Ranulph.

After the death of Eoger, archbishop of York, our lord the king gave orders to his justices in England to make diligent inquisition as to the monies left by the before-named arch- bishop, and wherever such were discovered, in his name, to make demand thereof. In consequence of this, the said justices demanded of Hugh, bishop of Durham, three hundred marks of silver, which the said bishop had received out of the monies of the archbishop, for the purpose of distribution among the poor; on which he made answer to them: — "I distributed the three hundred marks of silver which you de- mand of me, during the lifetime of the archbishop who gave them to me, among the lepers, the blind, the lame, the dumb, and the rest of the necessitous, and in the repair of churches and bridges, for the salvation of his soul, according as he himself had ordered ; therefore let him who wants them collect them, for by me they will never be collected." Accord- ingly, an answer of this nature exasperated the feelings of our lord the king beyond measure, so much so, that he ordered the castle of Durham to be seized in his name, in order that the bishop might be harassed by every kind of persecution.

In the year of grace 1182, being the twenty-eighth year of the reign of king Henry, son of the empress Matilda, the said king was at Winchester, in England, on the day of the Nativity of our Lord, which took place on the sixth day of the week. In the same year died the count of Zelders, who had married

14 ANNALS OF KOGER DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1182,

the eldest daughter of Matthew, earl of Boulogne ; also the countess of Flanders, daughter of Ralph de Peronne, and wife of Philip, earl of Flanders. In the same year, Henry, king of England, the father, crossed over from England to Normandy, in consequence of the annoyances and vexations which his son king Henry was causing him. For, having gone with his wife to Philip, king of France, he was devising all the evils he possibly could to the detriment of the king, his father, contrary to good faith and the oaths of fealty which he had often taken to him ; demanding of him, in conformity with the advice of Philip, king of France, his wife's brother, the whole of Normandy, or else some other part of his territories, in which he and his wife might take up their abode, and from which he might pay his knights and servants for their services. However, the Divine grace inspiring him so to do, he returned to his father, and swore that for the future he would not op- pose his wishes or designs, or demand anything more of him than a hundred pounds of money Anjouin per day for his ex- penses, and ten pounds per day of the same money for his wife's expenses ; in addition to which the king, the father, agreed with the king, his son, that in the same year he would give him the services of a hundred of his knights.

After this, the king, the father, held a conference, at which were present the king of France and the earl of Flanders ; on which occasion an arrangement was made between them to the following effect ; that the lands of which the earl of Flanders demanded restitution to be made to himself, should be restored to the knight who had lost them, and that the earl of Flanders should make good for the king of France the injuries that he and his people had done in France, with reference to the destruction by fire, and the booty that had been carried off. In addition to this, the said earl quitted claim to the king of France of the services of the count of Claremont, and delivered up to the king of France the city of Amiens with its appurtenances, and all the lands extending thence to the waters of the Lys after his own decease, together with his niece, the daughter of the earl of Hainault ; and the said earl made confession that lawfully Peronne with its appurtenances was only in pledge to himself, and agreed that the king of France should have pos- session thereof for sixty thousand pounds of silver. At the same conference, the said earl of Flanders delivered into the possession of the king of England, the father, the agreement entered into

A.D. 1182. LETTER OP POPE LTTCTUS. 15

in writing by the king his son, and released him and his brothers from all covenants made between them in the time of the war. In the same year, pope Lucius the Third ordained John Cumin priest, on the third day before the ides of March, at Veletri ; and afterwards consecrated him archbishop of Dublin at the same place, on the sixth day before the calends of April, being Palm Sunday. In the same year, at the urgent request of the envoys of the king of Scotland, namely, Jocelyn, bishop of Glasgow, Arnold, abbat of Melrose, Osbert, abbat of Kelso,21 and Walter, prior of Saint Columba of the Isle, pope Lucius the Third absolved William king of Scotland from the sentence of excommunication,, and his kingdom from the interdict, at the palace of the Lateran, at Eome, in pre- sence of his cardinals, namely, Peter de Pavia, bishop of Tusculanum, the bishop of Prseneste, Albert, his chancellor, Jacinto, Hugesun, Peter de Bova, master Yivianus, Reiner the Great, Chinchechapel, Reiner the Little, Hardesrun, Har- dewin, and Matthew of Anjou. After having so done, he delivered letters of absolution to the before-mentioned envoys of the king of Scotland, to the following effect : —

The letter of pope Lucius on the absolution of William, king of Scotland,

" Lucius, the bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his venerable brethren the bishops, and the abbats, clergy, and people throughout Scotland, health and the Apostolic benediction. Inasmuch as the Apostle has directed that deference shall be paid to kings as being of exalted station, it is worthy and consistent with reason that we should pay them the highest honor as our most dearly beloved sons, and, in performance of our duty to Saint Peter and the holy Church of Home, give all attention to their just desires. And whereas we have heard that because our dearly beloved son in Christ, William, the illustrious king of the Scots, was inexorably opposed to the election and consecration of our venerable brother bishop John, by virtue of letters of pope Alexander, our predecessor, of holy memory, Roger, archbishop of York, of happy memory, and the before-named bishop pronounced sentence of excom- munication against him and his realm, and certain persons in his kingdom. And whereas our venerable brother Jocelyn,

21 Called " Kelron" in tlie text. The abbat is called " Kalkoensis" shortly after.

16 jLNNALS OF ROGER DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1182

bishop of Glasgow, and our dearly beloved sons, Arnold, abbat of Melrose, Osbert, abbat of Kelso, and Walter, prior of Saint Columba of the Isle, after coming for the said pur- pose to the Apostolic See, have, by their declarations, made proof and shewn before us and our brethren that the sentence of excommunication pronounced by the said archbishop upon the king, and that of interdict upon his kingdom, and the sen- tence of excommunication pronounced by the said bishop upon certain persons of his kingdom, ought reasonably and upon numerous grounds to be set aside. Wherefore, paying due deference to the before-named king as our most dearly beloved son in Christ, we have, by the common consent of our brethren and with the Apostolic authority, remitted all the sentence which was pronounced by the before-named bishop22 for the cause before-mentioned, against him or his people, or his kingdom, and have enacted that he and his people shall not be held to be excommunicated, nor his kingdom to be under interdict, in consequence of our sentence above-written. Wherefore, we do by our precept, by these Apostolic writings, command the whole of you that you will in no way hesitate to treat with him as a Catholic king and as holding communion with the Apostolic See, but will rather in all things pay him the honor that is his due. For the more assured we feel of the sincerity of his duteousness to the churches and ecclesiastical persons of his realm, the more abundantly do we wish him to be honored in all things in which, with due respect TO God, we can be honored. Given at Velletri, this sixteenth day before the calends of April."

In the same year, the king of England sent his envoys, namely, William de Mandeville, earl of Aumarle, and some other persons of his household, to Frederic, the emperor of the Ro- mans, in order that, if possible, they might avert his anger and displeasure from Henry, duke of Saxony. Although this could not be fully brought about, the emperor granted to all who had chosen to depart with him, leave to return to their country. In addition to this, the said emperor granted to Matilda, duchess of Saxony, in consideration of the love he bore to the king of England, her father, permission to remain at perfect liberty and under his protection, and to enjoy all her dowry freely and quietly ; and the emperor further agreed that, if she should prefer to go into exile with her lord, he

22 Rather " bishops," although the bishop elect alone was now sur- viving. It is singular that the bishop of Durham is not mentioned.

A.D. 1182. THE BISHOP OF ST ANDREW'S APPEALS TO THE POPE. 17

would place keepers for the purpose of protecting her dowry. The time therefore drawing nigh at which the before-named duke was to withdraw from his country and kindred, he and his wife, with their sons and daughters, and his counts and barons, and the richest men of his territories, departed from their country and kindred, and came to Normandy, to Henry, king of England, the father of the before-named duchess, who joyfully received them. Shortly after, the before-named duke gave to his counts and barons, and the richer men of his territo- ries, permission to return home, and the king of England, the father of the duchess, bestowed on them many presents and then dismissed them. The duke himself set out on a pilgrimage to Saint Jago,23 and the duchess his wife being pregnant, re- mained with the king, her father, at Argenton in Normandy, where she was shortly after delivered of a son.

In the same year, the Welch slew Ranulph Poer, the king's sheriff of Gloucestershire. In this year also, Roland, the bishop-elect of Dol and subdeacon of the Roman Church, came into England on behalf of pope Lucius, for the purpose of making peace between the king of Scotland and John, bishop of Saint Andrew's ; and proceeded to the court of the king of the Scots, together with Silvanus, the abbat of Rievaulx, his colleague, where, after having for a long time negotiated upon making peace between them, at their request the follow- ing terms were made between the king and the before-named bishop : — Hugh was to abjure the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, and bishop John was to release the said bishopric from all claims whatever on his part and, instead thereof, he was to have the bishopric of Dunkeld, and all the yearly revenues which he had had before his election, as also the chancellorship to the king, and forty marks of yearly revenue arising from the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, during his life. Hugh, however, when called upon by his lord the king of Scotland to abjure the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, made answer that he would rather receive judgment thereon at the Roman court, than in this way abjure a bishopric to which he had been consecrated : and im- mediately charged the letters which bishop John had obtained against him from the Roman Pontiff with being forged, and ap- pealed to the Roman Pontiff : upon which the before-named Roland and the abbat Silvanus, being unable to proceed as they ought, wrote to the Supreme Pontiff to the following effect : — 23 Of Compostella.

VOL. n. c

18 ANNALS OF EOGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1182.

TJie Letter of Roland, lishop-elect of Dol, and Silvanus, ablat of Rievaulx, to pope Lucius.

"To the reverend father and lord, Lucius, by the grace of God, supreme and universal Pontiff, Roland, by the like grace, bishop-elect of Dol, servant of his Holiness, the foster-child of the Apostolic See, and the least of the sub-deacons, and Sil- vanus, appointed abbat of Bievaulx, the respect of duteous obedience. After we had presented to bishop Hugh the letters which that bishop charges with being forged, and those in which the case is stated at length, and proposed, on receiving leave of our lord the king of the Scots, to return home with all haste, our lord the king entreated me, the bishop-elect of Dol, with earnestness and anxiety, to pass by the way of the lord bishop John, and, as a mark of his favour, to make him an offer on his behalf of the bishopric of Dunkeld, with the yearly revenues which he had before received in the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, together with an increase of forty marks to be received yearly, as also the office of chancellor to the king ; and he further added that he would restore to him and his every thing he had taken away, with the exception only of what he knew to have already come to his hands, and would restore them to the fulness of his favour, in the same manner as had been previously offered him. He also desired that the said bishop John would burn all documents that had been ob- tained upon the matter of Saint Andrew's from your prede- cessor Alexander, of pious memory. He also gave his sanction that bishop Hugh should be transferred to the bishopric of Glasgow, if bishop John should refuse to consent on other terms, and if that could not be brought about, still he would agree to what he had offered. On making offer of all these things in presence of Hugh, the lord bishop of Durham, to our lord John, he courteously acceded thereto on these terms : namely, that he would never allow bishop Hugh to remain in the enjoyment of the bishopric of Saint Andrew's. He was also willing that the documents before-mentioned should be put aside in some place, so that he could never make use of them against the king's wishes. Upon this, we returned to the king's presence, while bishop John waited for us near Rokel- burg ; 24 on which the king informed us that it would give him great pleasure if bishop Hugh could remain in the bishopric 84 Roxburgh.

A.D. 1182. DEATH OF THE BISHOP OF HOCHESTEB. 19

of Saint Andrew's, and requested me to use my best endea- vours to prevail upon bishop John to admit of this ; and when I made answer to him that I would never again make any request of him upon that point, because I had not been able to make any impression upon him on the subject, his answer was, ' I am fully persuaded that since the lord John has returned to reconciliation and favour with me, he will, on consideration of my favour, and at the urgency of my entreaties, admit of this, and I would gladly confer with him thereon ;' and the king requested me to advise him to come and have a conference with him. The king's clerks being accordingly sent to bishop John, he made answer that he would not come, because he had heard from certain advisers of our lord the king, that the king was always endeavouring, in every possible way, to gain his point that Hugh should remain in the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, and asserted that, if he should be inclined to come, they were not able to give him a safe conduct. When this answer was re- turned him, our lord the king sent a bishop, and some abbats, earls, and barons to the said bishop, requesting that he would come to him for the purpose of an interview, and ordered them to guarantee to the said bishop entire security. These, on their return, stated that the lord John, inasmuch as he had a pre- sentiment that his lord the king wished bishop Hugh to re- main in the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, made answer that he would never come to the king unless they should first make oath that their lord the king would observe everything that through me he had offered to him ; this, however, they were unwilling to do, upon which, the lord John returned home. "We, however, have appointed a stated time, on the calends of October, for the before-named bishops, John and Hugh, to come to you, and to submit to your judgment. Farewell."

In the same year died Walter, bishop of Rochester, and was succeeded in the bishopric by Waleran, archdeacon of Bayeux. In this year, while Walter, a servant of Eustace, the lord abbat of Maye, was one night asleep, he heard a voice from heaven, saying to him a first, second, and third time, "Go and say to Henry, king of England, 'In the name of Christ, annihi- late and destroy,' and say to him that so he must do, and, if he does not do so, both his sons and himself shall die." On this the before-named Walter made answer and said, " Who am I, that I should carry thy commands unto the king r " To which he received for answer, " Go to Hotrod, the archbishop of Rouen,

c2

20 ANNALS OF ROGER DE HOVEDE1T. A.D. 1183,

and to his chaplain, and to Eustace, the abbat of Flaye, and they shall remove the thorns and briars from out of thy path, and, unless thou shalt make haste, thou shalt die." After the third warning, therefore, the said Walter came to the before-named archbishop of Rouen, and to his chaplain, and to abbat Eustace ; and whereas, the archbishop and his chaplain, being worn out with sickness and old age, could not attend to the matter, they deputed the abbat of Flaye to act in their behalves ; on which, he with his servant went to the king, and the servant related to the king his vision and the accompanying threats ; but the king, not being able to understand any part thereof, and there being no one to interpret the vision to him, paid no attention whatever to it ; and, shortly after, his son king Henry died, and then his son Geoffrey, earl of Brittany. About the time at which this vision took place many of the Manichaean heretics 25 were burned in many places throughout the king- dom of France, a thing that the king would in nowise allow in his territories, although there were great numbers of them.

In the year of grace 1183, being the twenty-ninth year of the reign of king Henry, son of the empress Matilda, the said king of England was at Caen, in Normandy, on the day of the Nativity of our Lord; the [young] king also, and Richard and Geoffrey, his sons, and Henry, duke of Saxony, and his wife, together with their sons and daughters, and a large retinue, together with Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, and John Cumin, archbishop of Dublin, and many bishops, earls, and barons were there with him. After the Nativity of our Lord, the king ordered the king, his son, to receive homage from Richard, earl of Poitou, and from Geoffrey, earl of Brit- tany, his brothers ; on which, in obedience to his father, he received the homage of his brother Geoffrey, and was willing to receive it from his brother Richard, but Richard refused to do homage to him ; and afterwards, when Richard offered to do homage to him, the king, the son, refused to receive it. Richard, feeling greatly indignant at this, withdrew from the court of the king, his father, and going to Poitou, his own territory, built there some new castles and fortified the old ones.

At the request of such of the earls and barons of Poitou as

25 " Publican!." Under this name the Albigenses, who were said to be Manichaeans, are alluded to.

A>D. 118S. THE KINiJ QTJARKELS WITH HIS SONS. 21

adhered to him, and who inflicted many losses on earl Richard, the king, his brother, pursued him. Geoffrey, earl of Brittany, also came to Poitou, with a large force, to assist the king, his brother. On Richard perceiving that he could not make head against his brothers, he sent for assistance to the king, his father, who, raising a great army, came in all haste, and laid siege to the castle of Limoges, which had been a short time before surrendered to the king, his son.

The cause of the dissensions between the Icing and his sons.

In order, however, that the cause may be known of these shocking dissensions that took place between the father and his sons, it ought to be stated that, on the holy day of the Circum- cision of our Lord, king Henry, son of our lord the king of England, of his own accord, and no one forcing him thereto, touching the Holy Gospels, and in presence of a large body of the clergy and laity, made oath that he would from that day forward all the days of his life maintain his fealty un- blemished to Henry, king of England, as being his father and his liege lord, and would show him all due honor and obe- dience. And because, as he asserted, the king wished to retain no rancour and malice in his mind, by reason of which his father might possibly be afterwards offended, he declared to Kim that he had entered into a compact with the barons of Aqui- "aine against his brother Richard, being influenced by the fact hat his said brother had fortified the castle of Clairvaulx, vhich was part of his own inheritance after his father's death, contrary to his own wishes. Wherefore he earnestly entreated his father to take the said castle from Richard, and keep it in his own charge.

Richard, being admonished by our lord the king relative thereto, at first refused to do so, but afterwards freely delivered it to be disposed of at his father's pleasure. Accordingly, the three sons of our lord the king, namely, the [young] king, Richard, and Geoffrey, came to Anjou, with the king, their father, for the purpose of entering into a final treaty of peace between them ; and each of the three made oath that they would observe their fealty at all times towards the king, their father, against all men, and would pay him all honor and lasting obedience. They also made oath, in accordance with the directions of their father, that they would observe lasting peace between themselves. On a given day, therefore, for ratifying the peace made between

22 ANNALS OF EOGEB DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1183.

them, at a place called Mirabel, under the direction of their father, because the barons of Aquitaine, to whom the king, the son, had engaged himself by oath, were not present, the king, the father, sent his son Geoffrey to them that they might come to the said conference for the establishment of peace and reconciliation, and in the meantime cease from all hostilities.

But the said Geoffrey, utterly forgetful of God and of re- spect for his father, and unmindful of his commands, did not bring peace, but the sword, and, slighting his oath, his homage, and the fealty which he had so often sworn to his father, entered into a compact with the enemies of his father, for the purpose of harassing him, and induced a sacrilegious race, and one detested by the Church of Rome,26 to ravage the ter- ritories of his father. The king, the son, on hearing of this, entreated his father to establish peace between his brother Richard and the barons of Aquitaine. In answer to the entreaties of his son, our lord the king promised that he would preserve peace, and that, for this purpose, in the manner that had been agreed upon in the preceding summer, reparation should be made for all excesses committed by either party, or else, if that should not please the barons, he would judge them in conformity with the opinions pronounced by his court. This offer was quite to the satisfaction of the king, the son ,* on condition, however, that the castle of Clairvaulx should remain safe in the hands of the king, his father.

Upon this, the king, the son, having gained of his father all that he had requested, with his father's permission set out for Limoges, for the purpose of inviting both his brother Geoffrey and the barons of Aquitaine to come to terms, and in the meantime sent his wife to France, to her brother, the king of that country, for the purpose of being in safety. The king, the father, also, at the request and by the advice of the king, the son, came with a few followers by another road to Limoges, in safety from his sons and in safety from his subjects; but when he had come to this territory that was his own, his own subjects received him most shamefully, for they aimed their arrows against him, so much so that they even wantonly pierced his coat armour, wounded one of his knights before his eyes, and violently prevented the king from entering either the city or

28 The hireling Brabanters mentioned below. They formed part of the " ruptuarii," or " Routiers," the employment of whom was forbidden by the Church of Rome.

A. D. 1183. PEKFIDIOUS CONDUCT OF THE YOUNG KING. 23

the castle ; in consequence of which, he and his son Richard were obliged to depart.

After this, our lord the king effected an entrance into the city of Limoges ; but when he was departing therefrom, for the pur- pose of conversing with his sons in a fatherly manner, in pre- sence of his sons, the garrison of the castle before-mentioned aimed their deadly arrows; in consequence of which, they wounded the horse which bore the king, the father, in the head, and if the horse had not lifted its head just at the approach of the arrow, it would have pierced the king's breast to a consi- derable depth. This his sons Henry and Geoffrey thinking lightly of, took no pains to punish the offender ; and, notwith- standing, returned to the deadly foes of their lord and father.

Shortly after, the king, the son, came to his father, and pro- mised him, that, if the barons of Aquitaine would not come to his feet to sue for peace, he would utterly abandon them, and return to obedience to him under all circumstances. On this, the king the father, being moved at the entreaties of his son, again made promise of the peace which he had previously promised to the barons. Wherefore, the king the son, as he said, went to his brother Geoffrey and the barons of Aqui- taine, and, returning from them to his father, asserted that they were utterly disobedient and rebellious, for which rea- son, he had returned to his duty and obedience to his father's will. This, however, as appeared in the sequel, was done fraudulently, in order that in the meantime the perfidious race of the Brabanters, and Geoffrey, that son of perdition, might with lawless violence the more easily ravage his fa- ther's territories, and nefariously lay them waste, carrying off the ornaments of the churches, burning towns and villages to the ground, emptying the fields and the sheepfolds by their ravages, so as to cause utter destruction in every quarter; sparing neither age, nor sex, nor rank, nor the religious pro- fession ; on the contrary, as it appeared, aiming at the perpe- tration of homicide, sacrilege, and rapine alone.

Shortly after these things had taken place, the king, the son, on hearing what had been done by his brother Geoffrey, told his father, that whatever he had done in this matter had been done by the counsel of his brother Geoffrey, and giving his arms and his horse in his father's charge, remained with him some days. But after he had eaten at the same table with his father, and had dipped his hands into the same

24 ANNALS OF ROGEK DE HOYEDEtT. A.D. 1183.

dish, he withdrew from him, and again leagued himself by oath with his father's enemies, and then returning to his father, declared that he could in no way see how he was to inflict upon the men of the castle the punishment they had deserved ; after which, leaving his father, he set out for Dorat.

But his father, thinking him peaceably inclined, recalled him ; on which, returning and entering the castle, and not being able to bring the wickedness which he contemplated to the wished-for result, he swore by the body of Saint Martial, that he would assume the cross. His father, however, thinking that he had done this more through indignation than religious feeling, in an affectionate manner used all his endeavours to re- call him from this rash vow, asking of him on his knees, and weeping, whether that vow had proceeded from rancour, in- dignation, poverty, or religious feelings. To this the son made answer, with all kinds of oaths, that he had made the vow solely for the remission of the sins which he had been guilty of towards his father ; and added, when he saw his father opposing it and shedding tears, that he would slay himself with his own hands, unless his father should cease to dissuade him from his purpose of assuming the cross, inas- much as the body of the Lord which he had that day beheld, consecrated before his eyes, testified that he ought a long time before that to have assumed the cross, but it had not till then been disclosed to him ; hoping and trusting that he should be in the more full enjoyment of his father's favour, as he was unwilling to go on the .pilgrimage without his favour. On this, his father learning his holy and fixed determination, replied ; " The will of God and your own be done. I will be your supporter and assistant in acquiring the earldom, and will provide you, by the help of God, with such plentiful supplies, that no one, of whom I have heard going to the land of Jerusalem, could at any time have done his service to God on a more bounteous scale."

On this, the king the son returned many thanks to his father, and entreated him to deal mercifully with the men in the castle and the barons of Aquitaine ; to which his father, in tears, made answer, and promised that he would act in every one of those matters quite according to his pleasure. The king the son, again returning thanks, sent for the men of the castle, and, though against his father's will, threw himself with the burgesses at his father's feet, and asked for peace in their

A.D. 1183. TREACHEROUS CONDUCT OF GEOFFREY. 25

behalves, which request was granted, hostages however being required to ensure the peace being kept. The king the father sent some of his followers to receive the hostages, but they were nearly slain by those who were to give them. This was in nowise punished by the king the son, but, disregarding his oath to assume the cross, he became, together with them, the enemy and persecutor of his own father.

Shortly after, the king the son, pretending that he wished for peace, requested his father to send to him Maurice de Crouy with a truce, and some other barons ; and while some of their followers were conversing with him, they were slain in the presence of the king the son, by the enemies of our lord the king. Some days after this, Geoffrey, that son of iniquity, with evil intent, entreated that he would send to him Oliver Fitz-Ernest and Jerome de Mustervol with a truce ; on which, one of them, Jerome namely, was pierced with a sword through his head-piece, his coat-armour, and his shirt, not without a considerable loss of blood ; while Oliver, the other, was thrown from a bridge into the water, in the presence of Geoffrey him- self, who took no pains to punish this misdeed. After this, the same son, being again desirous to hold a conference with his father, came in perfect security to his father, and, deceitfully treating about making peace, requested of his father leave to enter the castle in order that he might prevail upon the king his brother, and the other enemies of our lord the king, to comply with the wishes of the king. Permission was ac- cordingly given him, on which he entered the castle, spoiled the shrine of Saint Martial, and carried off the other vessels of that monastery, both gold and silver, and then, returning with the booty, requested his father to prolong the truce till the next day. The truce was accordingly granted him, and, passing over the bridge, he the same day renounced the truce with his father as being at an end, and out of the proceeds of the sacrilege and robbery, of which he had been guilty towards Saint Martial, paid their wages to his Brabanters. The amount of this theft was, according to the estimate made by worthy men, fifty-two marks of gold and twenty-seven marks of silver.

In the meantime, Eichard, archbishop of Canterbury, Henry, bishop of Bayeux, John, bishop of Evreux, Ralph, bishop of Lisieux, Froger, bishop of Seez, and Waleran, bishop of Ro-

26 ANNALS OF BOGER DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1183.

Chester, together with the abbats and clergy of Normandy, and a great number of people, came to Caen, and there, in the monastery of Saint Stephen, solemnly, in the universal hear- ing of all the people, pronounced sentence of excommunica- tion against all who should prevent peace and reconciliation being made between our lord the king and his sons, the person of the king, the son, alone excepted.

Money now failing him, the king, the son, proceeded to Saint Mary de Roche Andemar, stripped the tomb of Saint Andemar, and carried away the treasures of the church. In the course of a few days after this, the king, the son, seeing that he could not do any material injury to the king, his father, in consequence of indignation and rancour of mind, was attacked by a severe malady at a village called Martel, not far from the city of Limoges. He was first attacked with a fever, and then by a flux of the bowels, which reduced him to the point of death. On seeing that his death was impending, he sent for our lord the king, his father, who refused to come to him, as he dreaded his treachery. The king, the son, having, therefore, summoned the bishops and religious men who were there, into his presence, having first secretly, and afterwards before them all, made confession of his sins, re- ceived absolution and remission of his sins, and gave to Wil- liam Marshal, one of his household, his cross to bear to Jeru- salem [in his stead]. After this, laying aside his fine gar- ments, he placed upon him haircloth, and fastening a cord around his neck, said to the bishops and other religious men who stood around him : "By this cord do I deliver myself, an unworthy, culpable, and guilty sinner, unto you, the ministers of God, beseeching that our Lord Jesus Christ, who remitted his sins to the thief when confessing upon the cross, will, through your prayers and His ineffable mercy, have compassion upon my most wretched soul." To which all made answer, " Amen." He then said to them : " Drag me out of this bed by this cord, and place me on that bed strewed with ashes/' which he had caused to be prepared for himself; on which they did as he commanded them, and placed under his head and feet two large square stones ; and, all things being thus duly performed, he commanded his body to be taken to Rouen, in Normandy, and there buried. After saying this, being fortified with the viaticum of the holy body and blood of

A.D. 1183. DEATH AND BURIAL OF THE KING, THE SON. 27

our Lord, in the fear of the Lord, he breathed forth his spirit.

When news was brought of his death to our lord the king, his father, bursting into tears, he threw himself upon the ground, and greatly bewailed his son. 0 how dreadful a thing it is for sons to persecute a father ! for it is not the sword of the man who fights, not the hand of the foeman that avenges the injury of the father ; but it is fever that deals its retribution, flux of the bowels, with ulceration of the intestines, that ex- ercises vengeance. The son laid prostrate, all return to the father. All are overjoyed, all rejoice, the father alone bewails his son. Why, glorious father, dost thou bewail him ? He was no son of thine, who could commit such violence upon thy fatherly affection. This defence of thee has wrought security for fathers, and has checked the audacity of parricides. For it was his due to perish by a severe retribution, who wished to introduce parricide into the world ; because the Judge of all minds, in the same way that He avenges the tribulations of the righteous, so does he sometimes punish the persecutions of the wicked.

The king's servants, after having extracted the brain and the entrails, and buried them at M artel, sprinkled the body of the dead king with large quantities of salt, and then wrapped it in bulls' hides and lead, that they might take it to Rouen for burial there, and accordingly set out on their way with the royal body ; but when they had come to the city of Le Mans, and had passed the night in the church of Saint Julian the Confessor and Pontiff, singing hymns and psalms in its vicinity, and wished in the morning to depart thence with the body, the bishop of the city and the clergy, together with the common people, would not allow them to carry it away, but buried it in an honorable manner in the church of Saint Julian.

On this being told to the people of Rouen, they were indig- nant thereat, and resolutely demanded his body, swearing that they would take it by force, unless it was instantly given up to them ; upon which the king, the father, ordered that the body should be given up to the people of Rouen, as the king, his son, had, while living, commanded ; which was accord- ingly done; and they dug up the king's body from the spot

28 ANNALS OF EOGER DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1183.

where it had been buried, and, carrying it to Rouen, buried it in the church there of Saint Mary.

The kingj the father, after the death of the king, his son, every day made more violent assaults upon the castle of Li- moges, to which he had laid siege, and at length both the castle and the city of Limoges were surrendered to him, be- sides all the castles of his enemies in that neighbourhood ; some of which he retained in his own hands, and some he levelled with the ground, not leaving one stone upon another. After the death of the king, the son, Philip, king of the Franks, demanded of our lord the king of England, the dowry which his son, the king, had given to his sister, and the whole of the land of the Vexin, together with the castles and fortresses which Louis, king of France, his father, had given them on their mar- riage. Whereupon, a conference being held between them, be- tween Gisors and Trie, an arrangement was made in the follow- ing manner : — That Margaret, the sister of the king of France, who had been the wife of the king, the son, should receive, for quitting claim of all the above demands, one thousand seven hundred and fifty pounds of money Anjouin, each year at Paris from our lord the king of England and his heirs, so long as she should live.

In the same year our lord the king gave the bishopric of Lincoln to Walter de Coutances, his clerk, whom Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, consecrated at Anjou, and sent to England to his see, which had now been vacant for a period of eighteen years, namely, from the time of Robert de Chennay, bishop of Lincoln, until now. Geoffrey, earl of Brittany, the king's son, now returned to his father and made peace with him and with his brother, Richard, earl of Poitou.

In the same year, John and Hugh, the bishops, of whom we have previously made mention, came to Velletri to have an audience of Pope Lucius, and each of them stated, in pre- sence of our lord the pope and of all his cardinals, the claims that he asserted upon the bishopric of Saint Andrew's. After hearing them, our lord, the pope, by the common ad- vice of his brethren, took the bishopric from them both, and they freely and absolutely resigned the said bishopric of Saint Andrew's into the hands of the Supreme Pontiff, and then with- drew from the court, awaiting the mercy of the Supreme Pon- tiff; and a few days after, by the advice of all his cardinals,

A.D. 1183. DISSENSION BETWEEN THE EOMANS AND THE POPE. 29

the Supreme Pontiff gave to bishop Hugh the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, and confirmed him in possession thereof ; and granted to bishop John the bishopric of Dunkeld, together with all the things before mentioned that had been offered him on part of the king of Scotland, and confirmed him therein. On this, Hugh returned home and received the bishopric of Saint An- drew's. Bishop John also received the bishopric of Dunkeld ; but as the king of Scotland declined to restore to him what he had taken away, he again put forward his claims against bishop Hugh as to the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, as stated in the sequel.

In the same year, our lord the king commanded Eichard, his son and heir, to receive the homage of his brother John for Poitou, but he declined receiving it. In the same year a grievous dissension arose between the Romans and pope Lucius, relative to certain customs which his predecessors had been in the habit of following, but which the pope above-named swore he would never comply with. At this the Romans were indig- nant, and were frequently guilty of ravages and incendiarism in the territories of our lord the pope ; on which, the pope flying from place to place, took refuge in his castles and fortified cities. To defend him there came Christian, archbishop of Mentz, chan- cellor of the lord Frederick, emperor of the Romans, having levied a large army for that purpose. The Romans, being unable to oppose him, returned to Rome, on which the before-named chancellor, pursuing them, laid waste every thing that belonged to the Romans, and followed them even to the very gates of the city of Rome, setting fire to all the suburbs thereof.

On this, the Romans, seeing that they were devoted to ruin, devised how they might slay the before-named chancellor by stratagem ; and, as all other modes were wanting to them, they determined to take him off by means of poison, and did so. For when the said chancellor and his army were at a distance of nearly ten miles from the city, the Romans sent envoys, clad in the garb of poor men, to learn the state of the court, who, after learning all particulars relating thereto, discovered, among other matters, one thing which they made choice of in order to effect his destruction. For there was near that spot a spring of water exceedingly limpid, the water of which, mixed with wine, the chancellor and his army were in the habit of drinking. Accordingly, these wicked traitors went to the spring,

SO ANNALS OF EOGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1183.

and drugged it thoroughly with poison, so that the water flowing therefrom was corrupted. Consequently, on the chan- cellor drinking thereof, he died by a speedy death. There also died after him more than a thousand men who had drank of the said spring. When the death of the chancellor became publicly known, his army was dispersed and put to flight, on which the Romans rose in rebellion with still greater acrimony against our lord the pope.

In the same year, Philip, earl of Flanders, married the sister of Sancho, king of Portugal. In this year, also, our lord the king of England gave the archbishopric of Eouen to Walter de Coutances, bishop of Lincoln, and Lucius, our lord the pope, sent him the pall. The said pope, not being able suc- cessfully to oppose the Romans, sent his ambassadors to the kings and chief men of the various countries, both secular and ecclesiastical, to gain assistance in the defence of Saint Peter against the Romans : upon which his envoys came to Henry, king of England, to ask him, and the clergy of England, to afford him assistance. Accordingly, the king consulted his bishops and the clergy of England, as to the prayer of the Supreme Pontiff; on which the bishops and clergy advised him, according to his own inclination and honor, to give assistance to our lord the pope, both on his own behalf as well as on theirs ; inasmuch as it would be more endurable to them, and would please them better, that their lord the king should, if he so pleased, receive from them a recompense for such assistance, than if he should allow the nuncios of our lord the pope to come to England to receive assistance from themselves ; as, if any other step than the one named were taken, it might possibly be turned into a precedent, to the detriment of the kingdom. The king acquiesced in their advice, and gave considerable assistance to the pope, in gold and silver.

Accordingly, by means of this money, and other sums of money lent to him by other princes from all quarters, our lord the pope made peace with the Romans, which was necessary for him and the Church of Rome.

In the same year, died Rotrod, archbishop of Rouen, and was succeeded by 27 Walter, bishop of Lincoln. In this year also died Richard Pecche, bishop of Chester, who was suc-

37 This has been mentioned already.

A.D. 1184. DEATH OF THE AKCHBISHOP OF CANTERBTTRY. «31

ceeded by Gerard Lapucelle.28 In the same year, Gilbert, stir- named Assaili, grand master of the house of the Hospital at Jerusalem, came into Normandy to king Henry, and was honorably entertained by him. Having obtained the king's per- mission to cross over to England, he came to Dieppe, and, be- fore the feast of Saint Michael, embarked on board of a ship which had been lying for nearly a year upon the sands of the sea-shore, shattered and dried up, and had lately been a little repaired and refitted, and launched again, together with many other persons, clergy as well as laity, who had become tired with waiting : but shortly after, when the vessel had got out of harbour into the open sea, the seams opening, it went down into the deep, just like a stone ; on which Gilbert, and all the rest who were on board of it, with the exception of eight only, who escaped by means of a boat, were drowned, on the thirteenth day before the calends of October. In the same year, Henry, king of England, a conference being held on the day of Saint Nicholas, between him and Philip, king of France, between Gisors and Trie, did homage to Philip, king of France, for all his lands beyond sea, whereas before this he had never been willing to do homage to him.

In the year of grace 1184, being the thirtieth year of the reign of Henry, king of England, son of the empress Matilda, the said king was at Le Mans on the day of the Nativity of our Lord, which took place on the Lord's day. In the same year, Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, departed this life on the fourteenth day before the calends of March ; to whom, before he was taken ill, the Lord appeared in a vision, saying, "Thou hast wasted the property of my church, and I will root thee from out of the earth." Being greatly terrified at this vision, he immediately fell ill, and died on the eighth day after. In the same year, the king of England, having made peace be- tween Philip, king of France, and Philip, earl of Flanders, with reference to the disputes that existed between them con- cerning the land of Vermandois, passed through the middle of Flanders, and crossed over from Witsand to Dover, in Eng- land, where he landed on the fourth day before the ides of June; his daughter, the duchess of Saxony, crossing over with him.

28 Roger of Wendover says, that he died within ten weeks of his con- secration.

32 AtfNALS OF KOGEB. DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1184.

In the same year, and the same week in which the king landed in England, a spring of running water, near the church of Saint Winin, in the western parts of the territories of the king of Scotland, below Tyningham, and not far from the castle of Irwine,29 flowed with blood, without intermission, for eight days and as many nights. In the same year, the king's daughter, the duchess of Saxony, was delivered of a Bon at Winchester. In this year also, Theobald, count of Blois, uncle to Philip, king of France, came into England on a pilgrim- age to Saint Thomas, at Canterbury. In this year also, Henry, duke of Saxony, the king's son-in-law, came to England. In the same year died Simon, earl of Huntingdon, on whose de- cease the king gave the said earldom to William, king of the Scots ; immediately on which, in presence of the king, he con- ferred the earldom on his brother David.

In the same year, Gilbert de Plumpton, a knight of noble birth, being led in chains to Worcester, and accused of rape before our lord, the king of England, by Kanulph de Glau- ville, justiciary of England, who wished to condemn him, he was by an unjust judgment condemned to be hanged on a gibbet ; and when he was led forth to the gibbet, there met him a multitude of men and women, crying aloud and saying, that a righteous and innocent man ought not thus to suffer. Upon this, Baldwin, the bishop of Worcester, a religious man and one who feared God, hearing the shouts of the people, and learn- ing the injustice that was being perpetrated against this wretched man, ran after him ; but the ministers of wickedness, hastening to perpetrate their crime, fastening a rope round his neck had suspended him aloft, when lo ! the bishop of Worcester came up in all haste, and said to the executioners ; " In behalf of Almighty God, and under pain of excommunication, I forbid you to put that man to death this day, for it is the Lord's day, and the feast of Saint Mary Magdalen." At these words the executioners stood astounded, hesitating what to do, for they feared the king's justice, and dreaded sentence of excom- munication. However, the Divine power prevailed, and 1'rom respect for the solemnity of the day, they loosed the rope and let him come to the ground, to be kept until the next morning ; when he was to undergo the same punishment. That same night, our lord the king, being moved with pity, and influenced 29 Irving.

A.D. 1184. ELECTION OF AN AECHBISHOP OF CANTEEBTJEY. 33

by the counsels of his followers, commanded that he should re- main as he was, until he should give further orders what was to be done with him; for he was aware that Eanulph de Glanville had thus acted towards him from feelings of dislike, and wished to put him to death on account of his wife, the daughter of Eoger Gulewast, whom the said Eanulph wished to give in marriage, together with her inheritance, to his friend Eeiner, the sheriff of York. Accordingly, the knight, being rescued from death, was kept in prison by Eanulph de Glan- ville, until the king's death.

After this, our lord the king came to Eeading, and holding a council there as to choosing a pastor for the Church of Can- terbury, a strife and contention arose between the monks of Canterbury and the bishops of England. For the monks claimed to have the first voice in the election, and produced a charter of our lord the king, by which he had granted and confirmed to them freedom of election. The bishops, on the other hand, used their best endeavours to prove that that charter ought not to be observed, both because it was made contrary to law, and tended to the injury of the Church of England, as also, because the election of their own metropolitan belonged to themselves. In consequence of this dispute, no terms could be come to between them on the present occasion.

By command of our lord the king, the bishops of England and the monks of Canterbury met at London, in the king's presence, for the election of an archbishop of Canterbury ; and, the contention still continuing, Gilbert, bishop of London, who, according to the ancient right of his see, had the first voice in the election, made choice of Baldwin, the bishop of "Worcester, as archbishop of Canterbury, on the fourth day be- fore the nones of December ; upon which all the bishops gave their assent to that choice ; the monks of the Church of Can- terbury, being the only persons who made any opposition, de- parted for the purpose of appealing to our lord the pope, and the bishops of England presented to the king the person whom they had elected. On their presentation and election, our lord the king received him with the kiss of peace and love ; which example was followed by Eichard, Geoffrey, and John, the king's sons.

After this, our lord the king came to Canterbury, for the purpose of putting an end to the angry feelings of the monks,

VOL. II. D

34 ANNALS OF EOGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1184.

and, holding a conference with them, prevailed upon them to elect as their archbishop the before-named Baldwin, which they accordingly did ; for Alan, the prior of the church of the Holy Trinity at Canterbury, came to London with the less in- firm part of his chapter, and with letters of confirmation. On their meeting together in the Chapter house of the monks of Westminster, they elected for themselves and the Church of Canterbury, the before-named Baldwin as archbishop ; and then, that they might not appear to have assented to the election of the bishops, sang their own " Te Deum Laudamus" and led him to the altar, and, receiving him with the kiss of peace, presented him to the king, who again received him with the kiss of peace and love ; as did Richard, earl of Poitou, his son. After this, the king confirmed the treaty and final reconciliation by writing, and ratified the same, after its confirmation, by oath on part of his sons Richard, Geoffrey, and John, in presence of queen. Eleanor their mother, Henry, duke of Saxony, and many others.

In the same year, the archbishop of Cologne came to Eng- land on a pilgrimage to Saint Thomas of Canterbury, on which the king of England met him with congratulations, and prevailed upon him to lay aside his anger and displeasure towards Henry, duke of Saxony, and receive him into the favour which he had formerly enjoyed when honored with his esteem. The before-named archbishop of Cologne also, at the entreaty of the king of England, agreed that the daughter of Frederic, emperor of the Romans, should be given in marriage to Richard, earl of Poitou, the king's son : for he knew that this was the especial wish and desire of the emperor. After this, the before-named archbishop, and Philip, earl of Flanders, who had come with him over to England, returned to Flanders, and, having levied a great army, invaded the territories of the earl of Hainault, and ravaged them, in revenge for the injuries which he had inflicted on the earl of Flanders.

In the same year, died the empress of the Romans, the wife of the emperor Frederic. In this year also, died Gilbert de Ver, abbat of Selby, and Gerard,30 sumamed La Pucelle, bishop of Chester. In the same year also, died "Waleran, bishop of Rochester, Clement, abbat of Saint Mary's at York, Simon, earl of Huntingdon, Jocelyn, bishop of Salisbury, Bartholomew, 30 See the note at page 31.

A.D. 1184. THE KING MARCHES TOWARDS WALES. 35

bishop of Exeter, and the earl of Warwick. In this year also, died the daughter of Frederic, emperor of the Eomans, who, as above stated, was to have been married to Richard, earl of Poitou. In this year also, the church of Saint Julian, at the city of Le Mans, was destroyed by fire. The abbey of Glastonbury was also burnt in this year.

In the same year, our lord the king of England, being anxious to make peace between the duke of Saxony and the emperor Frederic, by the advice of the archbishop of Cologne, sent his envoys, Hugh de Kunant, archdeacon of Lisieux, and some others of his clerks, and of the members of his household., to Lucius, the Supreme Pontiff, in order that through his aid the before-named emperor might receive the duke of Saxony into favour. Accordingly, the king's envoys, coming to the court of our lord the pope, found him at Verona in Italy ; and while they were staying there with him, Frederic, emperor of the Romans, came thither for the purpose of holding a conference with the pope ; at whose urgent request the before-named em- peror gave the duke of Saxony permission to return to his country, and released him from all the oaths which he had taken as to remaining in exile ; our lord the pope also absolved him from the oath which he had taken to the emperor.

In the same year, Thomas Fitz-Bernard departed this life, who, after the decease of Alan de Neville, had been appointed by our lord the king chief justiciary of all the forests in England ; upon whose decease our lord the king divided his forests in England into different parts, and over each part ap- pointed four justices, namely, two clerks and two knights ; also two yeomen of his household to be guardians of vert and venison, over all the other foresters, both those of the king as well as of the knights and barons ; and he sent them to hold pleas of forestal matters, in conformity with the Assize of the Forests previously mentioned.

In the same year, our lord the king came to Worcester, for the purpose of marching thence with a large army into Wales, to wage war against the Welch, who had ravaged his territories and slain his subjects. Rees,31 the son of Griffin, however, dread- ing his attack, having obtained a safe-conduct from the king, came to Worcester, and there swore fealty to the king of Eng- land, and that he would give his son and nephews as hostages 31 Rice, or Rhys ap Griflyd.

36 ANNALS OF EOGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1184.

to the king ; but, on his attempting to bring them, they refused to accompany him.

In the same year, our lord the king gave to William, the prior of the church of Saint Augustin, at Bristol, the bishopric of Bangor. In the same year, the priest Swerre, who was also called Birkebain, slew Magnus, king of Norway.

In this year also, the astrologers both of Spain and Sicily, as also the diviners throughout almost the whole world, both Greek and Latin, wrote and set forth nearly one and the same opinion as to the conjunction of the planets. On this occasion, a certain astrologer, Corumphira by name, wrote to the following effect :

Auguries from the Conjunction of the Planets.

" In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen. Almighty God hath known and the science of numbers hath disclosed, that the planets, both supe- rior as well as inferior, will come in conjunction in Libra, that is to say in September, in the year from the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, the eternal and true God, one thousand one hundred and eighty-six; and in the year of the Arabians five hundred and eighty-two.32 During the year this conjunction will be preceded by a partial eclipse of the sun, which will be of a fiery colour ; this, taking place on the first hour of the twenty-first day of the month of April, will be preceded by a total eclipse of the moon, in the said month of April ; that is to say, on the fifth day thereof, and at the first hour of the night that shall precede Wednesday ; this, if God shall so will, nay rather because He does so will, shall so will, hath so willed, 4and will not cease so to will. Therefore, in the year before-named, the planets being, by the will of God, in Libra, that is to say, in an aerial and windy sign, the Dragon also contributing as a cause thereto, a wondrous earthquake will take place, and especially in those regions in which such things have been in the habit of taking place, and will destroy certain places that have been subject to earthquakes and liable to the mischances of utter ruin. For in the parts of the East there shall arise a mighty wind, and with its strong blasts it shall blacken the air and shall corrupt it with its

82 If he alludes to the Hegira, he is wrong here ; A.D. 1186 would he the 564th year of the Hegira.

A.D. 1184. ASTROLOGICAL PEEDICTTONS.

poisonous stench. In consequence, a mortality and sickness will attack great numbers, and loud peals will be heard, and voices in the air that shall terrify the hearts of those who hear them, and the wind shall raise aloft the sands and the dust from the face of the earth, and shall utterly overwhelm the cities situate on the plain, and especially those in the sandy regions, those in the fifth climate, to wit ; as Mecca, Barsara, Baldac,33 and Babylon ; nor shall any land be left otherwise than covered with the sand and dust, and be utterly ruined thereby ; so much so, that the regions of Egypt and Ethiopia shall become almost uninhabitable. And from the West this cala- mity will extend to all parts of the East. In the regions of the West also shall arise dissensions.; and seditions of the people shall take place, and there shall be one of them who shall levy armies innumerable, and shall wage war on the shore of the waters, on which a slaughter so vast will take place that the flow of the blood so shed will equal the surging waves. Let each person feel assured that the conjunction about to take place, whatever others may say, signifies to me, if God so wills, the mutation of kingdoms, the superiority of the Franks, the destruction of the Saracenic race, with the superior blessed- ness of the religion of Christ, and its especial exaltation, toge- ther with longer life to those who shall be born hereafter."

In like manner, William the Astrologer, clerk to John, the constable of Chester, wrote concerning the before-mentioned conjunctions of the planets to the following effect : —

" In the year from the Incarnation of our Lord one thousand one hundred and eighty-six, in the month of August, on the completion of the thirtieth day thereof, and in the following night, at the ninth hour, in the twenty-ninth degree of Virgo, which is called the degree of periods and the period of woes, Leo being in the ascendant, this conjunction, which is called a minor conjunction, is most portentous. Evil is predominant in this figure. This is followed by a conjunction of Mars and Saturn, in the fourth degree of Libra, on the seventh day of September, at the fourth hour, being the first day of the week ; the Sun being the lord of the hour, and Sagittarius the horos- cope. This conjunction is called a mid-conjunction. In this conjunction good fortune is predominant ; and in this inclination

33 Probably Bassora and Bagdad.

38 ASTNA.LS OF B.OGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1184.

evil is mitigated. Then follows a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, which is styled a major conjunction, in the eighth de- gree of Libra, on the tenth day of October, being the sixth day of the week, at the ninth hour. Mercury is then the lord of the hour, Capricorn the horoscope ; Mars being in conjunction in the fourteenth degree with the Tail of the Dragon. This con- junction portends wondrous events; thunder and lightning, with fiery flashes running to and fro in the air. But not regarding the conjunction of these, be it our part to record by figure what other persons have couched under an enigmatical form, as to the conjunction of all the planets in Libra, which will have an effect in our day before unknown, and not to be known in times to come. This conjunction will take place on the sixteenth day of September, being the third day of the week, at the first hour j Mars being the lord of the hour, and the Sun in the East, and the planets in their several places, as follows : Libra being the horoscope,33* and beginning in the first degree [of longitude] ; the Sun being in the thirtieth degree of Yirgo ; Jupiter in two degrees three minutes ; Venus in three degrees forty - nine minutes ; Saturn in eight degrees six minutes ; Mercury in four degrees ten minutes ; Mars in nine degrees eighteen minutes ; the Tail [of the Dragon] in eighteen degrees twenty- three minutes ; the Part of Warfare in fifteen degrees ; the Moon in seventeen degrees eight minutes ; the Part of For- tune in nineteen degrees. The second [horoscope] is Libra, beginning at its twenty-fifth degree. The third is Scorpio, be- ginning at its twenty-fourth degree. The fourth is Capricorn, beginning at its first degree. The fifth is Aquarius, beginning at its fifth degree. The sixth is Pisces, beginning at its seventh degree. The seventh is Aries, beginning at its first degree. Now, as Saturn is most elevated in orbit, let us first treat of him. He signifies the Pagans, and all who are opposed to the laws of Christianity. Now, inasmuch as in the figure of the sphere Saturn is in the mid-heaven governing the [airy] tri- plicity, from the triplicity of the figure the Saracen magi- cians 34 are auguring victory on their side, especially as the Sun

33* Also called " the house " by more recent astrologers.

34 It is possible that this may be the meaning of the mystic letters which here occur; Tr. G. F. S. M. standing for " Triplicitate figurae gentis Saracenae magi." If not, those who are skilled in judicial astrology may, possibly, be able to give a better translation.

A.D. 1184. ASTROLOGICAL PREDICTIONS. 39

at his setting is seeking the superior conjunction of the planets. However, from an estimate of the figure we form a very dif- ferent opinion. For the Sun signifies the potentates of Chris- tendom, and in this figure is seeking conjunction with Jupiter ; but Jupiter, being powerless, seeks conjunction with Venus, and she with Saturn. Mercury then, by retrograding, cut- ting it off,35 would naturally appear by his retrograde motion to indicate the elevation of their religion and the depression of our own. But as Mercury imparts this same disposition to Jupiter, and Jupiter imparts it to none,36 this marks the lasting nature of our faith. Now since the Sun is of the greatest influ- ence in this figure, a man, a Christian, is arising among us, one of great fame, whose name will be exalted until the end of the world.38 But because this conjunction takes place in a change- able sign, the career of this person will be closed before Saturn shall have passed through this sign; and inasmuch as Jupiter denotes power of prophecy, he will at last be enumerated among the prophets. In this figure, Mars being separated from Saturn, transfers the properties of Saturn to the Tail [of the Dragon] ; which not retaining this position, as though by a retrograde movement, carries back again towards Mars what has been so entrusted to it. But, inasmuch as Mars is being scorched by the orb of the Sun, being thus impeded and embarrassed between two evils, Saturn and the Tail [of the Dragon], he becomes in- fected with their nature, and signifies by his properties, sorrows, contentions, alarms, catastrophes, murders, and spoliation of property. The Tail also signifies separations, losses, dangers, and diminution of possessions ; and because Mars forms an evil conjunction with the Tail [of the Dragon] in the ascendant, I do therefore contradict the judgment pronounced by Albu- masar upon this figure in his Hundred Discourses.39 Turn your eyes from the figure in which Mars is at the greatest angle when Scorpio is in the ascendant, or when he is with the Tail ;40 and as it is evident to every astrologer that Saturn has an influence over this climate, the Moon participating with him, I am of opinion that he cannot be considered as exempt

35 Conjunction with Saturn. 3s Being powerless, as stated above.

38 In the text it is " usque ad finem arm." It is possible that the last word may have some cabalistic meaning, It hardly seems to belong to the European families of words. It is also very possible that it may be a misprint for, "sevi," "of time."

39 Centiloquio." 40 Of the Dragon.

40 ANNALS OF ROGER DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1184.

from the evil before-mentioned. Wherefore, the only remedy remaining is, for princes to be on their guard, to serve God and eschew the devil, that so the Lord may avert their immi- nent punishments. Amen."

Again, with reference to the before-mentioned conjunction of the planets, the following was written : —

" To all literate men, and especially to scholars, to whose presence this present page shall come, Anselm, the humble brother in the Lord, of the monastery at "Worcester, greeting. Marvellous is God in His Saints and in His works, who never ceases to work miracles in behalf of His people. And, inasmuch as no man places a light under a bushel, but upon a candlestick, that it may give light to all, a miracle, wondrous beyond mea- sure, took place in our house on the day before the calends of November ; which, in order that it might come to the knowledge of those not present, by writing at least, I have committed to writing. Be it known then unto your discreetness, that one of our lay brothers, falling into a trance, lay nine days and nine nights like one dead before a certain altar, prostrate there in the form of a cross ;41 and as he was a religious man, and a brother of a holy mode of life, no one of us dared to remove Jrirn thence. On the tenth day, at the third hour, in a low voice, and with a wailing tone, still in a wondrous lament, he chaunted the following lines ten times or even more, in the same order in which they are here written :

42 u < r^e faj} 0£ mankind an(} the sudden ruin of this world, a pernicious fatality is hurrying on. Children of tender age one universal slaughter overwhelms ; by the same death young and old must die. The water shall be tainted by the cor- ruption of the substance of the air, and with deadly dew shall the whole ground be drenched. Hence shall a dread- ful mortality arise, and universal carnage. A universal cause is there of death, a universal cause of woe. For as soon as the Sun shall touch the back of the Lion slain by Her- cules, a two-fold heat shall parch the entrails dried-up. Then, though there shall be a thousand like Lachesis, and even hands as many to each, still, at the same instant will Atropos cut all their threads. For with the sword of death will the just vengeance of God visit the sins of the people. Ah wretched

41 With his arms extended. 42 This pretended prophecy is couched in sixty-six hexameters and pentameters, of no merit whatever.

A.D. 1184. PEOPHECIES BY A. MONK. 41

me ! alas ! what will be my lot ? Behold ! the sword is gleam- ing, which will the whole world destroy. Behold the hand of the Lord ! Ah wretched me ! whither shall I fly ? Behold the wrath of the Lord ! shall I take to flight, or here conceal my- self? Whither shall I fly from God, for God is everywhere ? If the Divine will cannot be moved by prayer, then the seed with the chaff will the wrath of God beat down. That all things must return unto their ancient Chaos, the opinions of the philosophers prove. Still, thus it cannot be, as it is clear that whatever has been, and most things that now are, must remain as they are.43 Now, above the stars am I borne, and though my eyes are closed, lifted up to the stars, either house of the Sun do I behold. There is night without the stars and Moon, and day without the Sun : but though so it is, why so it is I cannot tell. The stars of Mercury, of Venus, and of Jove, now lie concealed. They exist not, or if they do exist, they have forsaken the sky. Through the whole Zodiac they roam at large, both Mars and the noxious star of the scythe-bearing old man who wields the scythe.44 Mars smites with his sword, Saturn smites with his hurtful scythe ;45 he strives to inflict ruin on the interests of men. Hence am I now borne to the dubious realms of the Stygian tyrant, in which there is, and will be, everlasting gloom. Amid gloom so great, neither Sun, nor Moon, nor fire, in this place of wretchedness are able to direct the eyes. Here is toil, and grief, and anxiety inextricable : here for the wretched guilty are grievous punish- ments prepared. Here resounds everlastingly the direful dirge, woe ! woe ! The gloom how great ! woe, woe is me ! woe ! woe ! ** Cerberus is raging before the gates, and is yawning with his three throats ; three dreadful sounds from his mouth at the same instant does he send. Three Furies guard the portals, Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone, on whose features horror is impressed. Horrid is their aspect, and foul the breath of

43 These lines are in their present state incapable of being reduced to sense — perhaps, indeed, it was never intended they should have any. They are as follows ; —

" Sic taraen esse nequit, quia constat quaeque fuisse,

Pluraque quae veluti sunt modo, semper erunt." 41 Saturn. 45 "Falce;" more properly " sickle."

46 This pentameter is worth preserving as a curiosity :

" Quantae sunt tenebrae ! vae mihi, vae mini, vae !"

42 ANNALS OF BOGEK DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1184.

their mouths, and their hoarse voices sound like thunder in their throats. In all there is an innate propensity to wick- edness in their minds ; in all there is a disposition prone to every crime. In the midst of the water stands Tantalus, thirsting with it up to his throat ; while, that he may not drink thereof, it ever retreats from his mouth. Here is mighty Sisyphus rolling the stone that rolls everlastingly back ; so that his is a labour without an end. Continually does the de- vouring vulture gnaw at the liver of Tityus ; which, that it may be for ever perishing, is ever on the point of perishing. Some dreadful famine, some severe drought attacks, and labour without cessation fatigues. Some are frozen by cold, others are scorched by the heat of flames ; each as he has deserved is here visited with a punishment his own. An entrance is open to all, an exit to none ; all does that place devour, and to the Furies consign. Tisiphone, in conjunction with those dreadful sisters, awards the punishments which they have been found to deserve to endure. Now to the guilty do I leave Styx, now Lethe, now Acheron ; once again with much ado do I retrace my steps to those above.'

" When he had recited this last line, at length returning to himself, and aroused, as it were, from sleep, he raised his head, and said to one of the brethren, who, for the pur- pose of seeing the miracle, had come with the rest, eye- ing him most intently : ' Wonder not at my features, for die thou shalt. A grievous and sudden end shall overtake thee.' After this, turning his eyes upon the assemblage of the bre- thren, not less elegantly than if he had been gifted from his infancy with the eloquence of Tully47 did he foretell in the Latin tongue certain events which were then to come to pass. And, as these things afterwards did come to pass, just as he had foretold, being filled ourselves with the greatest astonishment, in order that others, as well as ourselves, may admire the lines which this lay brother composed, who was never in any de- gree acquainted with letters, we have determined, on account of the stories there interwoven, to send them from school to school, in order that, by their judgment, this assertion of ours may be thoroughly sifted. Some indeed there are, who, in consequence of the fables inserted, despise the rest ; while some

47 At all events, he may be safely pronounced Tully's equal in demerit as a poet.

A.D. 1184. PEOPHECY OF PHAfiAHELLA. 43

endeavour to prove (since in many things it has fallen out as he predicted) that under a kind of veil, these fables bear the impress of truth ; and, as in no respect it fell out otherwise than he had predicted, the very same day, gnashing his teeth, that same brother whose death he had predicted, ended his life in the greatest agony. Upon this, the brother who had pro- nounced those prophetic lines, bursting into tears in the pre- sence of all, was not ashamed to confess, in the contrition of his heart, whatever during his life he had been guilty of; and, as befitted a religious man, received the communion with the greatest devoutness; after receiving which, he immediately breathed forth his spirit, saying, ' Lord, into thy hands I com- mend my spirit.' "

Now when the public had heard of these things, and others of a similar nature, they were greatly alarmed, and the nearer that pestilential season, which the before-named astrologers had predicted, drew nigh, the more did exceeding terror come upon all, both clergy and laity, rich and poor, and drove great numbers of them to a state of desperation. A certain writing however, which Pharamella, the son of Abdallah of Cordova, sent to John, bishop of Toledo, gave them some com- fort ; it was to the following effect :

" Pharamella, son of Abdallah of Cordova, an Arabian by parentage, and brought up in the palace of the great king Evenjacob, who is called ' El Emir Amimoli,' to John, bishop of Toledo, bishop of those persons who are called Christians, health, beyond all those who call upon God. They who fear God, the Creator of all things, shall be exalted, and they also who adore Him with pure hands and with a heart entirely cleansed. We have seen some men of your persuasion, dissimilar to ourselves in dress and in language, who were merchants, and had very good woollen cloths of various colours on sale. They stated that they had come from a far distant land, which is called the ' land of the Elders/ that is to say, the kingdom of the Franks. Among other matters, we learned from them through an interpreter, Ferdinand by name, a fellow-citizen of yours, and at present a captive with us, that certain false astrologers of the west, who were ignorant of the virtues of the heavenly bodies48 and the effects produced by the five wandering ones,48 and the two lights49 which move of themselves in epicycles and eccentric circuits, through their houses and dignities, have

He probably alludes to the name of the planets. 49 The sun and moon.

44 ANNALS OF KOGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1184.

alarmed the hearts of you believers in Christ, and not only of such as are simple-minded, but even of those among you who are believed to be wise. For they say that in the year which is the five hundred and seventy-second of the Alligera,49 and the one thousand one hundred and eighty-sixth from the In- carnation of your Lord Christ, in the month which you call September, there is to be a very mighty wind, such as is not often experienced, which shall destroy cities and towns, and overthrow everything it meets on the earth in its course. This wind shall come, they say, from the West, and shall extend even unto the East ; and after the wind a most dreadful stench, that shall destroy human beings. Of this circum- stance they allege no further cause than that the planets will come in conjunction in Libra, which is an aerial sign, and therefore a cause of windy weather. Now, it may at once be answered these persons, by even our children, that not only is Libra an aerial sign, but so also are Gemini and Aquarius aerial signs ; in both of which, many planets have come in conjunc- tion, and still no danger of winds or of pestilential exhalations or of mortality has ensued. But while Saturn and Mars are two unfortunate stars, Jupiter and Venus are fortunate ones and propitious ; wherefore, if they shall happen to be in the same sign with the others, without any setting or attractions,50 or shall keep themselves duly balanced, their beneficent effect will temper the evil effects of the former ones. But on the day of the month in which they say tha.t this will take place, Mars will not be in Libra, but in the thirteenth degree of Yirgo ; while Yenus in Scorpio, which is the house of Mars, will entirely do away with all the evil influence of Mars, both as regards his house in which she is reigning, as also in conse- quence of the respect due to her sex, by means of which she attracts Mars to feelings of courtesy towards her. Jupiter also, will assuage the disastrous influence of Saturn, Mercury being nearer to Jupiter than Saturn. Such persons ought also to re- collect, that inasmuch as Saturn performs his revolution once in thirty years, he remains two years and a half in each of the signs ; 5l whereas Mars accomplishes his course through each

49 Clearly meaning the Hegira. See the note to page 36. so it may appear doubtful, except to those versed in astrological lore, what is meant by " Si in eodem signo fuerint cum eis sine respectu, aut applicatione."

61 In each revolution.

A.D. 1185. DEATH OF GILBERT. 45

of the signs in little less than a year and a half. Since then, it is a matter of necessity, that in every thirty years Saturn must always make a stay of about two years and a half in Libra ; by the same necessity52 it comes to pass, that before Saturn goes out of Libra, Mars must be in the same sign of Libra together with Saturn. If then, Mars and Saturn have already hitherto been every thirty years once together in Libra, and are so to be in future, either these pestilential winds have happened before, or will happen from their evil influence when in a windy sign, or the converse. But that they have happened at any previous time, we neither read in the writings of the masters, nor have we witnessed the fact in our own times. Con- sequently, we ought to feel assured that they will not happen, since upon similar combinations it has never fallen out that any thing of a like nature has happened. Therefore, let your astrologers peruse the tables of the Inner Persians, and of the Arabians, Hermes, Astalius, and Abidemonus, as well as of Albu- masar, of more modern date ; and let them compute proportion- ally the influences of the stars, their settings, attractions, sepa- rations, equalities, and other matters which it were tedious to recount to those even who have time to listen thereto ; and when they have found that from a like conjunction of the stars that is false which they are dreaming of, either let them relinquish opinions based upon such idle stories, or else be converted to the religion of Ishmael which we pro- fess. However, according to the judgment of Messehella and Alkandus, unless God shall ordain it otherwise, there will be a scanty vintage, crops of wheat of moderate average, much slaughter by the sword, and many shipwrecks."

In the year of grace 1185, being the thirty-first year of the reign of king Henry, son of the empress Matilda, that king was at Windsor in England, on the day of the Nativity of our Lord. In the same year, on the day of the Circumcision of our Lord, died Gilbert, the son of Fergus, who had taken his brother TJchtred, the father of the noble man Roland, and had caused him to be deprived of his eyes, tongue, and virility, by his own son Dunecan ; and who had also given up his son the before-named Dunecan, to the king of England as a hostage to ensure the preservation of the peace. After his death, Roland,

52 This is the first attempt at reasoning, which has been met with in all this astrological parade.

46 ANNALS OF SOGEB DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1185.

the son of Uchtred, invaded all the lands of the before-named Gilbert, and gained possession of them.

In the same year, Baldwin the Leper, king of Jerusalem, and the Templars and Hospitallers, sent to the king of England, the son of the empress Matilda, Heraclius, the Patriarch of the Holy City of Jerusalem, and the grand Masters of the Hospital and Temple, together with the royal standard, and the keys of the Sepulchre of our Lord, of the Tower of David, and of the city of Jerusalem, asking of him speedy succour, as being the heir and lord of the land of Jerusalem.53 For it ought to be known, that Eulk, the brother of Geoffrey, earl of Anjou, the father of the said Henry, was king of Jerusalem, as we have previously mentioned. Wherefore, when the before-named Patri- arch and Master of the Hospital came to England, the king of England met them at the town of Eeading, and received them with great joyousness ; on which, immediately falling at the king's feet, with great weeping and sobbing, they uttered the words of salutation on behalf of the king, and principal men, and the whole of the people of the land of Jerusalem, and, ex- plaining the cause of their coming, delivered to him the royal standard, and the keys of the Sepulchre of our Lord, and those of the Tower of David and of the city of Jerusalem, in behalf of the king and the principal men of the city of Jerusalem, besides letters from pope Lucius, to the following effect : —

The Letter of pope Lucius on giving aid to ike land of Jerusalem.

"Lucius, the bishop, servant of the servants of God, to Henry, the illustrious king of the English, health and the Apostolic benediction. Inasmuch as all your predecessors have been especially distinguished above all the other princes of the earth for glory in arms and nobleness of spirit, and the people of the faithful have been taught to look upon them in their adversity as their defenders ; deservedly is application made to you, the heir not only of your father's kingdom but of his vir- tues, a certain degree of security being assured therefrom, at a

15 The true version of the story is, that Baldwin the Leper had recently died, and his son Baldwin, a child five years of age, had ascended the throne. Of course these political envoys would not let him stand in the •way of their gaining their object by flattering Henry's ambition. Indeed, Roger of Wendover distinctly says, that they were despatched for the pur- pose of offering Henry the throne of Jerusalem.

A.D. 1185. LETTEE OP POPE LUCIUS. 47

time when peril or even extermination is dreaded as impending over the Christian people ; that by the arm of your royal mighti- ness, protection may be granted to the members of Him who has in His mercy allowed you to reach such a height of glory and pre-eminence, and has rendered you an invincible wall of defence against those who wished to impugn His name. In the first place, be it known to your serene highness how that the land of Jerusalem has been here buffeted by frequent and vex- atious disputes on these matters, the special inheritance of Him who was crucified, and the place in which the mysteries were foretold of our salvation, and brought to a completion by the carrying out of that event, and of which He who compre- hended all things in His death, by a peculiar privilege made it the scene ; and how being now trampled under foot, and hemmed in by the pressure of a perfidious and most abominable race, it stands nodding to its downfall ; and how, which God forbid, the Christian religion must thereby sustain irreparable loss. For Saladin, the most inhuman persecutor of that holy and fearful name, has now risen to such a pitch in the spirit of his fury, and is to such a degree putting forth all the might of his wickedness for the destruction of the people of the faithful, that, unless the vehement onset of his wickedness is checked as though by barriers placed in his path, he may entertain an as- sured hope and belief that Jordan will flow before his face, and that the land that was consecrated by the shedding of the vivi- fying blood, will be polluted by the contact of his most abo- minable superstitions, and the country which your glorious and noble predecessors, amid many labours and perils, rescued from the dominion of the unbelieving heathens, will once more be subjected to the accursed dominion of this most nefarious tyrant. In consequence, therefore, of the urgency of the necessity, and of the sorrows thus imminent, we have deemed it advisable, by these Apostolic letters, to entreat your mighti- ness, or rather with a palpitating heart to call upon you with the loudest voice, showing regard for the honor of Him who has set you upon high, and, in comparison with the name of the mighty ones who are on earth, has bestowed upon you a glorious name, in the earnestness of your pious zeal, to give your attention to the desolate state of the before-named land, and, to the end that, in those parts, the confusion of Him may be put an end to, who, in your behalf, submitted to be held in

48 ANNALS OF ROGER DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1185.

derision in that self-same land, to afford efficacious aid. Where- fore, following in the footsteps of your predecessors, by the aid of the Lord, let that land be preserved in the worship of the great God by means of your diligence, which they rescued from the jaws of the prince of darkness. In such straits of oppression it befits your highness to labour with the more earnest zeal, in- asmuch as you are aware that the land is deprived of the pro- tection of a king, and the powerful men have thought proper to centre all their hopes of defending it in the protection of your mightiness. And this your serene highness may be the better enabled to understand, from the fact that they have despatched to your excellency the chief men of that land and the mighty defenders thereof, namely, our venerable brother Heraclius, the Patriarch, and our dearly beloved son, the Master of the Hos- pital, that from their dignified presence you may be enabled to take under consideration the present state of affairs, and to see how great and extreme is the necessity, on account of which they have so long endured to be without protection ; to the end that in person they might the more easily incline your devoted- ness to comply with their desires. Eeceive, therefore, the per- sons before-named with all kindness, as though sent to you by the Lord Himself, treat them in all things with that brotherly love which is their due, and show yourself ready to acquiesce in their requests, according as, having regard to their weight and their probity, you shall think them deserving of your grace and favour. And further, let your prudence call to mind, and with anxious meditation thereon ponder over those pro- mises by which you have so often bound your highness as to undertaking the protection of the land so often named ; and show yourself in this respect so wary and so zealous, that, at the terrible day of judgment your conscience may not accuse you, and the question put to you by that searching Judge who is not to be deceived, may not lead to your condemnation."

After hearing these requests, our lord the king made an- swer that, God willing, all things would yet be well, and ap- pointed a time for his answer, namely, the first Sunday in Lent, at London. Accordingly, on this day,54 our lord the king, the Patriarch, the bishops, abbats, earls, and barons of the kingdom of England, "William, king of Scotland, and his brother David, together with the earls and barons of his kingdom, met at 64 This council was held at Clerkenwell.

A.D. 1 185. A MIRACULOUS EVENT. 49

London, and after a conference had been held thereon with due deliberation, it pleased all that our lord the king should consult thereupon Philip, king of France, his liege lord ; upon which the council breaking up, our lord the king gave to all his subjects, both clergy and laity, permission to assume the cross. Ac- cordingly, Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, Kanulph, jus- ticiary of England, Walter, archbishop of Rouen, and Hugh, bishop of Durham, together with many others of the bishops from both sides of the sea, and nearly all the earls, barons, and knights of England, Normandy, Aquitaine, Brittany, Anjou, Maine, and Touraine, assumed the cross ; at the period of the assumption of which a certain miraculous event took place.

For on a certain day, a woman who had secretly become pregnant, finding that the time of her labour was approach- ing, fled from the house of her father, in consequence of her wish to avoid being detected in her transgression ; when be- hold! a mighty tempest of wind and rain overtook her in her flight, as she was wandering alone in the fields and beg- ging the Lord for His assistance and a place of refuge. Upon finding 'that her prayers were not instantly listened to by the Lord, she fell into a fit of desperation, saying, " If thou, God, dost despise my prayers, then may the Devil succour me ;" immediately upon which the Devil made his appearance to her under the form of a young man, barefoot and girt up as though for a journey, and said to the woman, " Follow me." As they passed along the road they met with a sheepfold in a field, on which the Devil ran before and got ready a fire in the sheep- fold, and a seat made of fresh straw, upon which the woman followed him, and, entering the place, warmed herself before the fire. While so doing, she said, " I am thirsty, and am quite famished with hunger ;" to which the Devil made answer, " Wait a little, and I will bring you bread and drink." While he was gone [to fetch this], two men, who happened to be passing along the road, seeing a fire in the sheepfold, won- dered what it could be, and coming nearer, entered the sheep- fold ; where, finding the pregnant woman lying down near the fire, they asked her who it was that had made the fire for her, to which she made answer, " The Devil." On this they en- quired of her where he was, when she replied, "I was hungry and thirsty, and he has gone to find me some vic- tuals and drink." On hearing this, they said to her, " Hava

VOL. II. B

60 ANNALS OF EOGER DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1185.

faith in the Lord Jesus Christ and in the glorious Virgin Mary, His mother, and they shall deliver you from the hand of the enemy ; and be sure to enquire of him what shall come to pass ;" after saying which, they went to a village that was near at hand, and related to the clergy and the people what they had seen and heard upon the road.

In the meantime, the Devil returned, and bringing with him bread and water, refreshed the woman ; after which, stoop- ing down, she gave birth to a male child, which the Devil taking up, performed the duties of midwife, and was warm- ing it before the fire, when, lo ! the priest of the village before-mentioned came to the sheepfold, armed with the Catho- lic faith, the cross, and holy water, and attended by the clergy and a great number of people. Finding that she was delivered, he was sprinkling the child, which the Devil was holding in his arms, with holy water, in the name of the holy and un- divided Trinity, when the Devil, being utterly unable to en- dure it, took to flight, and, carrying the child away with him, appeared to them no more. On this, the woman, returning to herself, exclaimed, " Now do I know of a truth that the Lord hath delivered me from the hands of the enemy ;" and she then related to them that she had been informed by the Devil, that, since the time when Jesus Christ prevailed over hell, there had not been so great sorrow or lamentation in hell as there was now, in consequence of the assumption of the cross : but, said she, his sorrow will be turned into joy, because so great will be the iniquities and offences of the Crusaders, that the Lord will blot them out of the Book of Life, and many of them, forsaking the religion of the cross, will become persecutors of the cross and of the name of Christ — a thing that afterwards proved to be the case.

Our lord the king next came to Windsor, and there, on the Lord's day on which is sung55 "Latare, J&rusalem" [" Eejoice, 0 Jerusalem,"] which this year fell on the day before the calends of April, he dubbed his son John a knight, and imme- diately after sent him to Ireland, appointing him king thereof. In the meantime, a mighty earthquake was heard56 throughout nearly the whole of England, such as had not been heard in that

65 The commencement of the introit on the Fourth Sunday in Lent.

66 The word is " auditus.;" at the present day we speak of feeling an earthquake, and, in general, not of hearing one.

A.D. 1185. PBINCE JOHN COMES TO IRELAND. 51

land since the beginning of the world ; for rocks were split asunder, houses of stone fell down, and the metropolitan church of Lincoln was rent from top to bottom. This earth- quake took place on the day after Palm Sunday, that is to say, on the seventeenth day before the calends of May ; and on the day after the said earthquake our lord the king of England, Heraclius, the Patriarch, and Hugh, bishop of Durham, with many of the principal men of England, crossed over between Dover and Witsand. After his arrival in Normandy, our lord the king of England raised a considerable army, and then sent word to his son Richard, earl of Poitou, who had fortified Poitou against him, and had taken prisoner his brother Geof- frey, earl of Brittany, that unless he delivered up to his mother Eleanor the whole of Poitou freely and quietly, he would visit him with a rod of iron, and war against him with all the power of his might. Upon receiving this command, the said Richard, ceasing all hostilities, delivered up Poitou to his mother, and, returning to his father, remained with him like an obedient son.

In the meantime, on the calends of May, being the day of the Apostles, Saint Philip and Saint James, about mid-day, a total eclipse of the sun was seen, which was followed by thunder and lightning, and a mighty tempest ; from the effects of which men and animals perished, and many houses, bein^ set on fire thereby, were burned to the ground. After this, Philip, king of France, and Henry, king of England, holding a conference as to giving aid to the land of Jerusalem, pro- mised that they would afford it ample assistance both in men and money : but, for all this the before-named Patriarch cared but little, as he had been in hopes that he should be enabled to bring back with him, for the defence of the land of Jeru- salem, the before-named king of England, or one of his sons, or else some other person high in authority ; but, being unable to effect this, he retired feom the court in sorrow and confusion on his return to his country.

In the same year, Walter, the archbishop elect of Rouen, received the pall from pope Lucius, and immediately conse- crated Gilbert de GlanviUe, who had been presented with the bishopric of Rochester by the king of England. In this year also, John, the king's son, coming into Ireland, was honorably received by John, the archbishop of Dublin, and the other

E2

52 ANNALS OF EOGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1185.

subjects of his father, who had preceded him ; however, as he thought fit to shut up everything in his own purse,56 and was unwilling to pay their wages to his soldiers, he lost the greater part of his army in several conflicts with the Irish, and being at last reduced to want [of troops], after appointing justices and distributing his knights in various places for the defence of the country, he returned to England.

In the month of December, in this year, pope Lucius de- parted this life ; and was succeeded in the papacy by pope Urban the Third ; who immediately thereupon, in order that notice thereof might be universally given, wrote to the prelates of the Holy Church to the following effect :

The Letter of pope Urban on his Election.

" Urban, the bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his venerable brethren the archbishops and bishops, and to his dearly beloved sons the abbats, priors, and other prelates of churches, to whom these letters shall come, health and the Apostolic benediction. The exalted counsels of heaven, re- taining in their dispensations a constant supervision thereof, have founded the Holy Church of Rome, to the governance whereof, insufficient as we are, we have been chosen, upon a rock which is based upon the solidity of the faith ; bestowing upon her that foundation in the strength of the Apostolic con- fession, that so neither the outbreaks of the storm, nor the winds of the tempest can prevail against her. Wherefore it is that the universal Mother Church, ever retaining wit hher the Saviour, even unto the end of the world, has so, as expressed in the Song of Solomon,67 " embraced him whom she loved," that, by reason of no change of events or of times, can she be separated from the singleness of her faith, or the fixedness of her affection. For although, by reason of the repeated changes of her pastors as they depart, she has frequently fallen into various perils, or in consequence of the attacks of the wickedness of this world has endured persecutions and labours innumerable, still, never has the Divine favour forsaken her, any further than that she might perfect her strength in some temptation, and thence ob- tain the joyous fulfilment of her hope, on receiving thereby a strengthening of her faith. The Lord thus dealing towards her, within these few days as a mark of His goodness, although no slight grief and sorrow affected her for the death of the pious

56* He more than once alludes to the avarice of John. 67 Probablv in allusion to ch. vii, 1 0.

A.D. 1185. THE LETTEK OF POPE URBAN. 53

father Lucius, Divine Providence has preserved her in the unity of the spirit and in the bond of peace, so that after the sorrow of the evening joy came in the morning, and she, like a most beauteous dove, rejoicing amid her sighs, retained her beauty without a ruffle even or a spot upon her whiteness. Now, after the decease of the father of pious memory, our predecessor Lucius, our lord the pope, when his most venerable body had been honorably entombed, there was held by the brethren a con- ference as to the election of a successor, at which there was such unity among all, and such concord of each with the other, that He may be supposed to have wrought upon them, in whose hands are the hearts of all men, and through whom the diversity of minds is reconciled. But, while in the church of God, there- were many venerable and prudent men, of whom it is our belief that their votes might have more prudently and more worthily have made choice, inefficient as we are, they turned their eyes upon us ; and it was done accordingly as it pleased the Lord, in that they made choice of us as their father and shepherd, who have neither strength nor merits to suffice to the elevation of a dignity so great. However, although we were fully con- scious to ourselves of our own infirmities, so as to believe that we might, not without good reason, have offered resistance to their proposals ; still, to the end that through delay in the transaction or pertinacity in making resistance, no danger might ensue to the Church, although unwillingly, we consented to undertake the labour of the burden entrusted to us ; hoping that our steps would be guided by Him who bestowed on Saint Peter, when sailing on the waves, faith even to that degree that he went down into the sea, and went forth to meet Him in the midst thereof, that doubting he might not perish. Now there- fore, being placed in such a position and office, as to require to be aided therein by the suffrages of all the faithful, to you do we resort, as especial sons of the Roman Church, with full confidence and security, and, prefacing with the salutation of the Apostolic benediction, we do by these familiar letters admonish you, and do earnestly request and exhort you in the Lord, that, attending the death of our before-named father and lord Lucius, with the devout suffrages of your prayers, you will especially pay to ourselves that fidelity and duty which is owed to us, in virtue of your respect for Saint Peter and Saint Paul the Apostles and the Apostolic See, by all of you in common, that by so doing, you may be enabled both to obtain your

54 ANNALS OF EOGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1185,

reward of God, and always be enabled to find more abundant grace in my eyes, and prove yourselves deserving before the whole Church. Given at Yerona, on the second day before the ides of January."

In the same year, Henry, king of England, sent envoys to pope Urban, and obtained many things of him, which pope Lucius had stoutly refused ; one of which was that such one of his sons as he should think fit should be crowned king of Ireland. This was acceded to by our lord the pope, who confirmed the same by his bull, and, as a proof of his assent and confirmation thereof, sent him a crown made of peacock's feathers, embroidered with gold. In this year, shortly before the feast of Saint Peter ad Vincula, the before-named Patriarch, having returned to Jeru- salem, and brought with him no aid for the defence of that land, great fear came upon the inhabitants of the land of Jerusalem. Consequently, a certain brother of the Temple, an Englishman by birth, whose name was Eobert de Saint Alban, having for- saken the Christian faith, went to Saladin, king of Babylon, and promised him that he would deliver up to him the city of Jerusalem ; and, on his giving him security for the same, Sala- din gave him his niece in marriage, and a considerable body of troops, and put him in command of his army, making him general thereof. Upon this, he immediately went forth with his army to the plains of Saint George, and there divided it into three detachments, two of which he sent into the parts adjacent to lay them waste ; on which they ravaged the whole country, from Montreal to Neapolis, while Jericho, and the city of Sebaste, with some other cities, were destroyed.

But the before-named Eobert, with the third part of his army, marched against the city of Jerusalem ; on which the few inhabitants who were in the city, trusting in the Lord, went forth by the postern gates, and, carrying before them the wood of the Cross of our Lord as a standard, by the might of the Lord smote the army in which was the before -named Robert; on which, taking to flight, he turned his back on the smiters, while the men of Jerusalem followed him and his army, and slew many of them with the edge of the sword : Robert, however, though with considerable difficulty, made his escape.

After this, on Saladin purposing a fresh attack upon the land of Jerusalem, the Templars and Hospitallers and other chief men of that land, gave him sixty thousand besants for a truce until the octave of the ensuing Easter. In the

A.D. 1186. KING HEXEY AT CAKLISLE. 55

meantime, "William de Marchis, earl of Joppa, having died, William the Leper, the king of Jerusalem, abdicated the throne of the kingdom, and, naming the boy Baldwin, son of the before-named William and Sibylla, who was his sister, his heir, caused him to be crowned long in the Holy City of Jerusalem; shortly after which he died, on which the boy Baldwin reigned in his stead for nearly two years, and his mother Sibylla married Guido de Lusignan, and by him had two daughters.

In the year of grace 1186, being the thirty-second year of the reign of king Henry, son of the empress Matilda, the said king was at Damfront, in Normandy, on the day of the Nati- vity of our Lord ; after which festival a conference was held between him and Philip, king of France, at Gisors, where he made oath that he would give Alice, the sister of the king of France, in marriage to his son Eichard, earl of Poitou. The king of France also promised to the before-named Eichard, together with his said sister, Gisors, and all that his father Louis had promised, together with his daughter Margaret, to Henry, the son, the king of England ; and he further made oath that he would never after that advance any claim against them in respect thereof.

After having held this conference, the king of England crossed over to England, and gave to Hugh, prior of the house of Wicham, which is of the Carthusian order, and in the bishop- ric of Bath, the bishopric of Lincoln ; whom Baldwin, the arch- bishop of Canterbury, shortly after consecrated. After this, the king proceeded with a large army to Carlisle, intending to go still further to wage war against Eoland, the son of Ucthred, son of Fergus, for the injuries and spoliations which he had been guilty of towards Dunecan, the son of Gilbert, son of Fergus ; but the said Eoland came thither to the king and made peace with him. The king also, while there, caused Paulinus of Leeds to be elected to the bishopric of Carlisle ; which, however, the said Paulinus declined. On this, in order that Paulinus might be willing to accept of that bishopric, the king offered him to enrich it with revenues to the amount of three hundred marks yearly, arising from the church of Bamborough, the church of Scarborough, the chapelry of Tickhill, and two of the king's manors near Carlisle.

In the same year, Philip, king of the Franks, gave to Bela,

56 ANNALS OF EOGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1186.

king of Hungary, his sister Hargaret in marriage, who had been the wife of Henry, the son of the king of England. In the same year, Geoffrey, earl of Brittany, son of Henry, king of England, died at Paris from bruises which he had received from the hoofs of horses at a tournament, and was buried in the cathedral church of that city. In this year also some of the Irish cut off the head of Hugh de Lacy in Ireland. In the same year, our lord the king of England gave Ermengard, his kinswoman, daughter of Richard, viscount de Beaumont, in marriage to "William, king of Scotland ; and caused them to be married in his chapel at Woodstock by Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, where he held in their honor great nuptial festivities at his palace for a period of four days. Our lord the king also there presented the king of Scotland with the castle of Edinburgh ; which the said king immediately gave to the before-named Ermengard his wife as a marriage portion, and by way of increasing the same he gave her one hundred pounds of yearly revenue, and forty knights' fees.

In the same year, while the king of England was staying at Carlisle, Robert Buteville, dean of the church of York, de- parted this life, and was succeeded in the deanery by Hubert Fitz- Walter, clerk to Ranulph de Glanville, at the king's presentation. In the same year, our lord the king of Eng- land gave to William de J^orthale the bishopric of Worcester, and to John, subdean of Salisbury, the bishopric of Exeter ; who were accordingly consecrated by Baldwin, the archbishop of Canterbury.

In the same year, after pope Urban, upon the complaint of John, the bishop of Dunkeld, had heard the dispute that existed between him and Hugh, the bishop of Saint Andrew's, he wrote to the king of Scotland to the following effect : —

The Letter of pope Urban to William, king of Scotland.

"Urban, the bishop, servant of the servants of God, to William, the illustrious king of the Scots, health and the Apostolic benediction. Inasmuch as, by the duties enjoined upon us by God in virtue of our office, we are bound to give our earnest attention to all the churches, both those near to us, as also those at a great distance, and, if we know of any un- reasonable attempts made by them or by their ministers, to recall them to a more suitable line of conduct, the princes of

A.D. 1186. LETTEE OF POPE TJBBAN. 57

this world ought not to feel themselves aggrieved inconsequence thereof, if sometimes we think proper to extend our hands for the correction of those things which they have done amiss; inasmuch as they themselves also, in conformity with the power that has been entrusted to them, ought to aid us herein, and, when it is necessary and the obstinacy of any stands in need thereof, stoutly to resist the contumacy prompted by a spirit of wicked- ness. Your royal excellency is not unaware what a grie- vous dissension has arisen between our venerable brethren, John, bishop of Dunkeld, and Hugh, bishop of Saint Andrew's ; and although either party has undergone great labours, and submitted to great expenses, and, in the time of pope Lucius of blessed memory, our predecessor, held a long discussion thereon at the Apostolic See, they still were unable to bring the matter in dispute to a conclusion. And whereas lately the said bishops came to our presence, and discussed the said matters at length, in our hearing, upon which, by the advice 01 our brethren, we gave to the before-named bishop of Dunkeld power to act in the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, in opposition to the said bishop Hugh, and the said bishop of Saint .Andrew's was sufficiently instructed in our presence, to return to his own place within a period named, upon the understanding that if he should not do so within the said time, our venerable brother Jocelyn, bishop of Glasgow, and our dearly beloved sons, the abbats of Melrose, Newbottle, and Dunfermline, should from thenceforth suspend him from the episcopal duties, and if he should after that prove contumacious, should place him under the ban of excommunication, and not revoke their sentence until such time as he should have come into our presence. For it is our wish, that this matter should no longer remain in a state of suspense, in order that thereby the said church of Saint Andrew's may incur no grave detriment to its interests, but rather that, the truth being known, with the aid of the Lord, by our means it may be brought to a suitable conclusion. We have also ordered the before-named bishop of Glasgow and his colleagues, relying upon our authority, to extend their protection to our dearly-beloved sons, Aiulph, dean of Lothian, Odo, the seneschal, Roger de Feric, and other clerks, friends of the be- forenamed bishop of Dunkeld, from all molestation whatsoever, and not to allow their possessions or other goods, or the reve-

58 ANXALS OF flOGEE DE HOYEDEX. A.D. 1186.

nues of the said bishop to be seized upon by any person. And if any one shall presume to disregard this prohibition hereon, they are, by means of canonical censure, to restrain them in such course, no appeal to the contrary withstanding. To the end, therefore, that what we have ordered may without any difficulty whatever be complied with, we do advise your royal excellency, and exhort you in the Lord, and, for the remission of your sins, enjoin you, out of your love of justice, and your reverence for Saint Peter and for ourselves, to allow pro- ceedings to be taken in this matter in conformity with the tenor of our mandates, and with your royal protection to de- fend the before-named dean and seneschal, and Eobert de Fedic, and the rest of the kinsmen and friends of the before- named bishop of Dunkeld, as also the bishopric, and the rest of his revenues, and neither in any way to aggrieve them nor suffer them to be aggrieved by others ; that so this dispute may without any hindrance be brought to a conclusion, and your royal mightiness may for this work of justice gain a never- failing reward from God, and a good name among men. You are to know also, that we have enjoined the before-named bishops, in virtue of their obedience to us, not to receive any- thing from the churches or clergy subject to them in re- spect of the expenses which, in the transaction of the matters before-named, they are liable to incur, but to make it their care to supply the necessary expenses from their own re- venues alone. For we are unwilling that by their deeds the churches, or any persons in your kingdom, should incur any detriment whatever. We also wish it not to escape your royal excellency, that the before-named bishop of Dunkeld has so honorably conducted his cause, and has paid such deference to your kingly dignity, that he has made no propo- sition whatever, which might by any possibility redound to the derogation of your royal name, or, by reason of which, your serene highness ought to feel angered against him. Where- fore, if anything to the contrary shall be suggested to your highness by his opponents, you must not lend your royal ear to the words of such persons. Given at Yerona, on the second day before the calends of August."

A. D. 1186. LETTER OF POPE TJEBAN. 59

The Letter of the same Pope to John, bishop of Glasgow, and the alibats, his colleagues, on the same subject.

""Urban, the bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his venerable brother, Jocelyn, bishop of Glasgow, and his dearly- beloved sons, the abbats of Melrose, Newbottle, and Dunferm- line, health and the Apostolic benediction. Inasmuch as, by the duties enjoined upon us by God in virtue of our office, we are bound to give our earnest attention to all the churches, both those near to us as also those at a great distance, and if we know of any unreasonable attempts made by them, or by their ministers, to recall them to a more suitable line of con- duct ; the princes of this world ought not to feel angered in consequence thereof. Your discreetness is not unaware what a grievous dissension has arisen between our venerable brethren, John, bishop of Dunkeld, and Hugh, bishop of Saint Andrew's: and although either party has undergone great labours and submitted to great expenses, and, in the time of pope Lucius, of blessed memory, our predecessor, held a long discussion thereon at the Apostolic See, they still were unable to bring the matter in dispute to a conclusion. And whereas lately the said bishops came to our presence and discussed the said matters at length in our hearing, upon which, by the advice of our brethren, we gave to the before-named bishop of Dunkeld power to act in the bishopric of Saint Andrew's, in oppo- sition to the said bishop Hugh, and the said bishop of Saint Andrew's was sufficiently instructed in our presence to re- turn to his own place within a period named. And to the end that our most dearly beloved son in Christ, the illustrious king of the Scots, may not by his power impede the prosecution of this business, we have warned him by our letters that he is to allow proceedings to be taken in this business according to the tenor of our mandate, and to defend with his royal protection our dearly beloved sons, Aiulph, dean of Lothian, Odo, the sene- schal, and Robert de Fedic, and the other kinsmen of the above- named bishop of Dunkeld, and neither to aggrieve them in any way himself, nor suffer them to be aggrieved by others. To the end, therefore, that the business before-named may no longer remain in suspense, and the church of Saint Andrew's

60 ANNALS OP EOGEB DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1186.

thereby incur detriment to its own interests, we do, by these Apostolic writings, enjoin your discreetness, and do, in virtue of your obedience, order you, reducing to writing whatever you shall know of yourselves or through other persons on the subject of this business, to make it your care to inform us of the same, sending it to us under the protection of your seals, in order that we, being instructed by your intimations thereon, using the advice of our brethren, may proceed in the business in such manner as it is our duty to do. And if any per- sons shall with rash daring lay hands upon the before-named dean, Odo, the seneschal, Robert de Fedic, or any other friends of the bishop of Dunkeld, and their possessions or other pro- perty, or the bishopric and other revenues of the said bishop, then, fully relying on our authorization, you are, by canonical censure, to restrain them, without any obstacle thereto by way of appeal. Also, you will, on our behalf, forbid the said bishops, as we have also done orally, to receive anything what- ever from the churches or clergy subject to them, in respect of the expenses which they are liable to incur in the prosecution of the before-named business ; as they are to supply the ne- cessary expenses from their own revenues alone. For we are unwilling that, by their deeds, they should cause detriment to the Church, or to any other person of your kingdom. Where- fore, by our authorization, you are strictly to warn the before- named bishop of Saint Andrew's, that, having received suffi- cient notice, he is to repair to our presence, within a time appointed by us for both parties. And if he shall not come, then you are, all appeal set aside, immediately to suspend him from 'his episcopal duties. And if even then he shall not show obedience thereto, you are to place him under the ban of ex- communication, and not to relax your sentence, until such time as he shall have presented himself before us. Also, you are to intimate to his royal excellency that the before-named bishop of Dunkeld has so honorably conducted his cause, and has paid such deference to his kingly dignity, that he has made no pro- position whatever which may by any possibility redound to the derogation of his royal name, or by reason of which he ought to feel angered against him. Wherefore, make it your care, by unceasing exhortations, to persuade him, that if any thing should be suggested by his opponents to the contrary,

A.D. 1186. HOSTILITIES OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE. 61

he is not to lend his royal ear to their words. Given at Verona, on the second day before the calends of August."

On the authority therefore of this letter, Jocelyn, bishop of Glasgow, and his colleagues, when the time drew nigh which had been appointed by the Supreme Pontiff for the hearing of the before-named bishops of Dunkeld and Saint Andrew's, summoned the before-named bishops a first, second, and third time to set out upon their journey : on which the bishop of Dunkeld came, but the bishop of Saint Andrew's, staying beyond the time, delayed coming, whereupon the above-named iudges delegate suspended him from the episcopal duties, and then, in consequence of his contumacy, according to the tenor of the Apostolic mandate, excommunicated him.

In the same year, Philip, king of France, demanded of Henry, king of England, the charge of the daughter of Geoffrey, earl of Brittany, whom at his death he left his heir ; a thing which the king of England would on no account comply with, but sent to him Walter, archbishop of Rouen, William de Man- deville, earl of Aumarle, and Ranulph de Glanville, the justi- ciary of England, at whose instance the king of Prance made a truce, and promised to keep the peace until the feast of Saint Hilary then next ensuing. In the same year, Richard de Yals, a knight of the king of Prance, fortified a castle in his vill of Vals, between Gisors and Trie ; on seeing which, Henry de Vere, con- stableof Gisors, underthe before-named William,earl of Aumarle, took it amiss, and, wishing to impede the work if he possibly could, came thither with his people ; on which the men of the before-named Richard de Yals went out to meet him, and an engagement taking place, Rader, the son of Richard de Vals, was slain, and after many men of the said Richard had been wounded, they took to flight. The saidHenry de Vere, however, not daring to return to Gisors, went to Richard, earl of Poitou. On this becoming known to the king of Prance, he ordered that all who belonged to the territories of the king of England, both clergy and laymen, who should be found in his dominions, should be taken in custody, together with all their chattels. On the other hand, the bailiffs of the king of England, in the parts beyond sea, did the like as to the subjects of the king of Prance and their chattels, which were found in their respective bailiwicks. But shortly after, at the suggestion of his fol- lowers, the king of Prance gave orders that the subjects of

62 ANNALS OF EOGEK DE SOVEDEX. A.D. 1186.

the king of England should be liberated, and that their chattels should be restored to them ; on which the bailiffs of the king of England did the same as to the subjects of the king of France and their chattels.

In the same year, Constance, the countess of Brittany, daughter of earl Conan, whom Geoffrey, earl of Brittany, her husband, had left pregnant at the time of his decease, was delivered of her eldest son on the holy night of Easter, and his name was called Arthur. In the same year, Baldwin, the boy-king of Jerusalem, son of William le Marchis, departed this life, and was succeeded in the kingdom by his mother Sibylla, by hereditary right ; but before she was crowned, a divorce was effected between her and Guido de Lusignan, her husband, by the Patriarch Heraclius and the Templars and Hospitallers, who wished her to marry "Walran, earl of Tripolis, or some nobleman of the principal people of the land of Jeru- salem ; she, however, by a wonderfol piece of cunning, deceived them, saying : "If a divorce takes place between me and my husband, I wish you to make me sure, by your promises and oaths, that whomsoever I shall make choice of you will Choose for your head and lord."

Accordingly, after they had so done, they led her into the Temple, and the before-named Patriarch crowned her ; shortly after which, when all were offering up their prayers that God the Lord Almighty would provide a fitting king for that land, the before-named queen took the royal crown in her hands, sad placed it on the head of Guido de Lusignan her husband, saying, " I make choice of thee as king, and as my lord, and as lord of the land of Jerusalem, for those whom God hath joined together, let not man put asunder."

At these words all stood in amazement, but on account of the oath which they had made, no one dared oppose her, and the Patriarch, approaching, anointed him king ; and then, Divine service having been celebrated, the Templars escorted the king and queen to their abode, and provided for them a sumptuous entertainment. The earl of Tripolis, however, vexed and sorrowful that the queen had rejected him, went to Saladin, king of Babylon, and, entering into an alliance with him, devised many evils for the destruction of the king and queen. Saladin, however, requested that the truce before-mentioned, which he had made until the ensuing Easter, should be pro-

A. D. 1187. PEACE IS MADE BETWEEN PHILIP AND HENBY. 63

longed for the three years next ensuing ; to which proposition king Guido, by the advice of the Templars, assented, although it was evident to him that there would shortly come a vast number of pilgrims, both from England and other kingdoms, in consequence of the preaching of the Patriarch. Accordingly, after Easter, there came to Jerusalem an immense multitude of men-at-arms and other pilgrims ; but as the truce had been prolonged, very few of them chose to remain. However, Roger de Mowbray and Hugh de Beauchamp remained there in the service of God.

In the year of grace 1187, being the thirty- third year of the reign of king Henry, son of the empress Matilda, that king was at Guilford, in England, on the day of the Nativity of our Lord. In the same year, after the Nativity of our Lord, pope Urban sent to England Octavianus, a cardinal- subdeacon of the Holy Church of Borne, and with him Hugh de Nunant, to whom he gave the legateship to Ireland, for the purpose of there crowning John, the king's son ; but eur lord the king put off that coronation, and took the before-named legates with him to Normandy, to a conference to be held between himself and Philip, king of France. Accordingly, the king of England crossed over and landed at Witsand, in Flanders, and with him che legates before-named, and shortly after, a conference was ield between him and the king of France at Ve Saint Remy, but they could come to no agreement, in consequence of the ex- orbitant demands made by the king of France, and parted without any hopes of peace and reconciliation.

In the same year, after Pentecost, Philip, king of France, levying a large army, besieged Richard and John, the sons of the king of England, in Chateau Raoul ; hearing of which, the king of England came thither with a great army to succour his sons so besieged. On this, the king of France met him with his army, and drew up his troops in battle array ; but, by the mercy of God and the injunction of Urban the Supreme Pon- tiff, and by the advice of the archbishops, bishops, and other influential men of both kingdoms, they agreed to a truce for two years, and that the king of France should hold Yssoudon and Urse de Fretteval till the end of the truce ; and upon these terms they desisted from hostilities and returned home.

Alter peace was thus made, Richard, earl of Poitou, remained with the king of France, though much against the will of

64 ANNALS OP BOGEK DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1187.

his father, and the king of France held him in such high esteem, that every day they ate at the same table and from the same dish, and at night had not separate chambers. In consequence of this strong attachment which seemed to have arisen between them, the king of England was struck with great astonishment, and wondered what it could mean, and, taking precautions for the future, frequently sent messengers into France for the purpose of recalling his son Richard ; who, pretending that he was peaceably inclined and ready to come to his father, made his way to Chinon, and, in spite of the person wh'o had the custody thereof, carried off the greater part of his father's treasures, and fortified his castles in Poitou with the same, refusing to go to his father.

This is supposed to have taken place through the Providence of God, in order that his father might not be deceived by the pretended affection of his son, nor be in too great haste to promote him to the helm of state, in the same way that he had promoted the other one,62 who, as already mentioned, had caused him endless troubles by his unrighteous and vexatious conduct. At length, however, through the mercy of God, it came to pass that Richard, earl of Poitou, neglecting the counsels of the wicked, returned to his father, and once more did homage to him in presence of a great number of people, both clergy and laity, and swore fealty to him upon the Holy Evangelists against all men, and promised that he would not forsake his counsels. These matters being concluded, the king of England set out for Brittany, and took the castle of Montrelais by siege, of which Hervey de Lyons and his brother Guimar had taken possession after the death of Geoffrey, earl of Brittany.

In the same year, Donald, the son of William, son of Dune- can, an enemy of William, king of Scotland, and whom the Scotch called Mac William, was slain in Moray. In the same year, Isabella, the queen of France, and daughter of the earl of Hainault, was delivered of her first-born son on the third day before the nones of September, being the fifth day of the week, who was named Louis. In the same year, Saladin, king of Babylon, with an immense multitude of his Turks, on pretext of the disunion which existed between the king and the earl of Tripolis, entered the land of Jerusalem ; on which the brethren of the Temple and of the Hospital went 83 His eldest son, Henry.

A.D. 1187. DEFEAT OF THE CHRISTIANS. 65

forth against him with a great multitude of people, and on an engagement taking place between them, the army of the Pagans prevailed against the Christians, on which the latter betook themselves to flight, and many of them were slain and many taken prisoners. On the same day also, being the calends of May, sixty brethren of the Temple, and the Grand Master of the Hospital, together with sixty brethren of his house, were slain.

Saladin, on gaining this great victory, attacked and took a considerable number of the castles, cities, and fortresses of the Christians; after which, returning to his own country, he levied a great army, and, by the advice, it is said, of the earl of Tripolis, who was an enemy to the king, entered the ter- ritory of Jerusalem, on the Friday after the feast of the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul, with eight hundred thousand men or more ; on which he took Tiberias, with the exception of the keep of the castle, to which place the lady of the castle had retreated, together with a few knights. On king Guido being informed of this, by the advice of the earl of Tripolis, who had lately, with fraudulent intent, entered into a treaty of peace, the king proceeded one day's march towards Tiberias, when the earl of Tripolis, who was the leader and guide in the march, halted the whole army on an elevated and craggy spot. Being there threatened with an attack of the enemy on every side, the king, urged by necessity, and compelled by the advice of his barons, thought proper to engage, and, at their entreaty,, gave the honor of striking the first blow to the Master and knights of the Temple.

Upon this, the brotherhood of the Temple, rushing upon the foe with the bravery of lions, put some to the sword, and forced others to take to flight. The rest, however, neglecting the king's commands, did not join the battle, or give them any succour whatever ; in consequence of which, the knights of the Temple were hemmed in and slaughtered. After this, the troops of Saladin surrounded the army of the Christians, worn out with the fatigues of the march, exhausted by the intense heat of the climate, and utterly destitute of water, and, in a great measure, of food as well. At this conjunction, six of the king's knights, namely, Baldwin de Fortune, Raymond Buck, and Laodicius de Tiberias, with three companions, being seized with a diabolical spirit, fled to Saladin, and spontaneously became Saracens, informing him of every particular as to the

TOL. II. F

66 ANNALS OF KOOEE BE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1187.

present state, intentions, and resources of the Christians. On this, Saladin, who before was in anxious doubt as to the result of the warfare, took courage, and with trumpets sounding, made an attack with an infinite multitude of warriors on the Christians, who, in consequence of the rocky and inaccessible nature of the spot, were unable to fight ; and so, assailing them with every possible method of attack, he utterly routed the Christians. At last, Thekedin, the nephew of Saladin, took Guido, king of Jerusalem, while flying, and the wood of the Cross of our Lord, after slaying Rufinus, bishop of Acre, who was carrying it. And this was done through the righteous judgment of God ; for, contrary to the usage of his predeces- sors, having greater faith in worldly arms than in heavenly ones, he went forth to battle equipped in a coat of mail, and shortly after he perished, being pierced by an arrow. Nearly all the others, being utterly routed, were taken prisoners and either slain or loaded with chains, the Persians, oh, great dis- grace ! remaining masters of the camp.

The earl of Tripolis alone, who was the designer of this treachery, escaped with his men unhurt. Immediately after the battle, Saladin ordered the knights of the Temple and of the Hospital to be separated from the rest, and to be decapi- tated in his presence, he himself with his own hand slaying "Raymond de Castiglione, their chief. After this he took the city of Acre and the places adjacent, with nearly all the forti- fied spots in those parts.

In the meantime, Conrad le Marchis, brother of the above- mentioned William, earl of Joppa, having been guilty of mur- der in the city of Constantinople, took to flight, deserting his wife, the niece of Isaac, emperor of Constantinople ; and on the very same day on which Saladin gained this victory over the Christians, Conrad came to Tyre and found it deserted, for nearly all the citizens of the place were slain in the before- mentioned battle. On Saladin coming thither, expecting to have free ingress, Conrad offered a stout resistance, and refused him permission to enter ; on which, Saladin, seeing that he could effect nothing by staying there, took his departure, and cap- tured the city of Beyrout, and both the cities which are called Gibelet, with Sidon, and the city of Cassarea, as also Joppa, Saint George, Saint Abraham, Bethlehem, the New Castle of Caiaphas, Saphet, Jaunay, Mount Tabor, Eaba, and Caffar- nmndel, the Cave of the Temple, Calenzun, Marie of the

A.D.1187. DEATH OF POPE URBAN. 67

Temple, the Castle on the Plain, Raman, Bethurun of the Knights, Castle Arnald, Castle Bourgoing, Tarentum, Blanche- warde, Galatia, Gasseres, Damn,63 Rouge Cisterne, the Castle of Saint Peter, Saint Lazarus of Bethany, Saint Mary of Mount Sion, and the City of Jerusalem.

On this, the queen, the wife of Guido, betook herself, with her two daughters and her household, to the city of Ascalon, and fortified it with provisions and soldiers ; these, however, in the second year after, she surrendered to Saladin for the ransom of her husband Guido, and thus liberated him from the custody of Saladin. All those, however, who had fled to Acre, and a multitude of Christians who had taken to flight, betook themselves to Tyre, and made Conrad their ruler and protector ; Antioch also, and Margat, with nearly all the lands of the prince thereof, stoutly fortified themselves against Saladin.

While the earl of Tripolis was endeavouring to wean his nation from the worship of God, and to betray his country to Saladin, he was found dead in his bed just as though fast asleep ; on which his wife, with all her people, surrendered herself and the city of Tripolis to Raymond, prince of Antioch, and he appointed his son Jocelyn lord thereof.

Now when pope Urban heard that in his time the king of Jerusalem had been taken prisoner, as also the Cross of our Lord, and the Holy City of Jerusalem, he was greatly afflicted, and fell ill, and died on the thirteenth day before the calends of November, at Ferrara ; being succeeded in the papacy by Albert his chancellor, who was called pope Gregory the Eighth. On this, the cardinals, with the sanction of our lord the pope, strictly pledged themselves to each other, disregarding all wealth and luxuries, to preach the cross of Christ, and that not in word only but by deed and example, and to be the first, assuming the cross, to go begging for succours, and to precede the rest to the land of Jerusalem. They also, with the con- sent of our lord the pope, established a most strict truce between all the princes of Christendom, to last for a period of seven years ; on the understanding that whoever in the meantime should commence war against a Christian, should be subject to the curse of God, and of our lord the pope, and the excom- munication of all the prelates of the Universal Church. They also solemnly promised each other, that from thenceforth they would receive presents from no one who had a cause to try 63 A great portion of these names are most probably incorrect.

F 2

68 ANNALS OF EOGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1187.

in the court, but would only receive as much as should be given, or sent to supply their necessities and for their sustenance ; as also that they would not mount a horse so long as the land on which the feet of the Lord had stood should remain under the feet of the enemy.

It is also worthy of observation, and to be ascribed to the Divine Providence, that at the time when the city of Jerusalem and Antioch had been rescued from the power of the Pagans, on the expedition headed by Audemar, bishop of Puy, and many other bishops and religious men, as also Hugh, brother of Philip, king of France, Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, Stephen, count of Chartres, Robert, duke of Normandy, brother of William the Second, the king of England, then reigning, (which Robert conquered in battle, Colbrand, the chief of the knighthood of the Pagans), Robert, earl of Flanders, Eustace, earl of Bou- logne, and Baldwin, the two brothers of duke Godfrey, Ray- mond, earl of Saint Gilles, Boamund, son of Robert Guiscard, and many other noblemen, the pope who was then living was named Urban, the Patriarch of Jerusalem was called Heraclius, and the emperor of Rome was called Frederic ; and so now, when the land of Jerusalem was taken from the hands of the Christians by the people of Saladin, the pope was called Urban, the patriarch of Jerusalem Heraclius, and the Roman emperor Frederic. It also deserves to be known, that between the time when Jerusalem was rescued from the hands of the Pagans by the warriors before-named, and the time when king Guido was deprived of it, a space of eighty-seven years intervened.

The Letter of Terricms, Master of the Temple, on the capture of the land of Jerusalem.

" The brother Terricius, so called Grand Master of the most impoverished house of the Temple, and of all the brethren him- self the most impoverished, and that brotherhood all but anni- hilated, to all commanders and brethren of the Temple to whom these presents shall come, greeting, and may they lift up their sighs to Him at whom the sun and moon are astounded. "With how many and how great calamities, our sins so requiring it, the anger of God has lately permitted us to be scourged, we are unable, 0 sad fate ! either in writing or in the language of tears to express. For the Turks, assembling together an immense multitude of their nations, began with bitter hostility to invade the territories of us Christians ; and accordingly, uniting the

A.D. 1137. LETTEB OF THE GRAND MASTEE TERBICIUS. 69

forces of our nation against them, we ventured, before the oc- tave of the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul, to attack them ; and for that purpose ventured to direct our march to- wards Tiberias, which, leaving their camp unprotected, they had taken by storm. After repulsing us among some most dangerous rocks, they attacked us with such vehemence, that after they had captured the Holy Cross and our king, and a whole multitude of us had been slain, and after two hundred and thirty of our brethren, as we verily believe, had been taken by them and beheaded, (besides those sixty who had been slain on the first of May), with great difficulty, the lord the earl of Tripolis, the lord Keginald of Sidon, the lord Bal- lovius, and ourselves, were enabled to make our escape from that dreadful field. After this, the Pagans, revelling in the blood of us Christians, did not delay to press on with all their hosts towards the city of Tyre ; and, taking it by storm, spread themselves over nearly the whole of the land, Jerusalem, Tyre, Ascalon, and Berytus being alone now left to us and to Chris- tendom. These cities also, as nearly all the citizens have been slain, we shall not be at all able to retain in our hands, unless we speedily receive the Divine assistance, and aid from your- selves. For at the present moment they are besieging Tyre with all their might, and cease not to assault it either night or day, while so vast are their numbers, that they have covered the whole face of the land from Tyre, as far as Jerusalem and Gaza, just like swarms of ants. Deign, therefore, with all possible speed, to bring succour to ourselves and to Christianity, all but ruined in the East, that so through the aid of God and the exalted merits of your brotherhood, supported by your assistance, we may be enabled to save the remainder of those cities. Farewell."

In the same battle in which Guido, king of Jerusalem, was made prisoner, Roger de Mowbray was also taken ; whom in the following year the brethren of the Hospital and the Temple ransomed from the hands of the Pagans ; shortly after which he died. In the same battle also, Hugh de Beauchamp was slain.

In the same year, the king of England gave Constance, countess of Brittany, the mother of Arthur, in marriage to Ranulph, earl of Chester. In this year also, Baldwin, arch- bishop of Canterbury, erected new buildings and a church64 near the walls of the city of Canterbury, and assigned thereto prebends in the churches of the monks at Canterbury ; but 6* Akington, or Hackington, in the suburbs of Canterbury.

70 ANNALS OF EOGEE DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1187.

the said monks complaining in consequence thereof, pope Urban forbade that this should be done, and thus the persons who had built the place expended their labour in vain. However, the said archbishop transferred this building to Lamhe,64*4 which is on the other side of the Thames, opposite to Westminster. In the same year, Richard, earl of Poitou, assumed the cross of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

The Letter of pope Gregory tlie Eighth to all the faithful in Christ.

" Gregory, the bishop, servant of the servants of God, to all the faithful in Christ, to whom these presents shall come, health and the Apostolic benediction. On hearing of the severity of the tremendous judgment which the hand of God has inflicted upon the land of Jerusalem, both we and our brethren have been put to confusion with terror so extreme, and afflicted with sorrows so great, that it did not readily suggest itself to us what we were to do, or what indeed we ought to do. We only called to mind the words of the Psalmist, where he laments and says, 65 ' 0 God, the heathen are come into thine inheritance : thy holy temple have they defiled, they have laid Jerusalem in heaps.66 The dead bodies of thy servants have they given to be meat unto the fowls of the heaven, the flesh of thy saints unto the beasts of the earth.' For, taking advantage of the dissensions, which, through the wickedness of men, at the sug- gestion of the Devil, had arisen throughout the earth, Saladin came with a multitude of troops to those parts, and, being met by the king, the bishops, Templars, Hospitallers, earls, and barons, with the people of the land, together with the Cross of our Lord (through which, by the remembrance of Christ and faith in Him who hung therefrom and redeemed man- kind, there used formerly to be assured protection, and a de- fence now vainly regretted against the assaults of the Pagans) part of our people were there slain, the Cross of our Lord was captured, the bishops slaughtered, the king made prisoner, and nearly all either slaughtered with the sword or taken by the hands of the enemy, so much so, that it is said that but very few escaped. The Templars also, and Hospitallers, were be- headed in his presence. How, after they had vanquished our army, they subsequently attacked and gained possession of all

w* Lambeth. « Psalm Ixxix. 1,2. 6C These words in our

version appear in the text as " in pornoruna custodiam."

A.D. 1187. LETTEK OF POPE GREGORY. 71

quarters, so that only a few places are said to be remaining which have not fallen into their hands, we do not think requires to be set forth in our letters. However, although we may now say with the Prophet, i Oh that my head were waters, and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that I might weep night and day for the slain of my people ;'67 still, we ought not to be so ut- terly cast down as to fall into distrustfulness, and to believe that God is so angered with His people, that what in His wrath He has allowed to be done through the multitude of our sins in common, He will not speedily, when appeased by our repent- ance, in His compassion alleviate, and will, after our tears and lamentation, cause gladness and rejoicing. Whatever person then, amid such vast grounds for lamentation, does not, if not in body, still in heart, condole with us, is not only forgetful of the Christian faith, which teaches us to grieve with all who grieve, but even of his own self and of our common humanity, as every person of ordinary discretion is able well to esti- mate both the very magnitude of the danger, the fierceness of the barbarians who thirst for Christian blood, and exert the whole of their might in profaning the holy places, and using their endeavours to sweep away the name of God from off the earth, points on which we will not enlarge. And whereas the Prophets first laboured with all their zeal, and after them the Apostles and their followers, that the worship of God might exist in that land, and flow thence unto all regions of the world, aye, and even more than that, God (who was willing to become flesh, by whom all things were made, and who in his in- effable wisdom and his incomprehensible mercy was willing thus to work out our salvation, through the infirmity of the flesh, through hunger, fasting, thirst, the cross, and His death and resurrection, according to the words, ' Of himself he wrought out our salvation in the midst of the earth ;') also deigned here to undergo labours as well, neither tongue can tell, nor sense can imagine what grief it causes to us and to all Christian people to think what this land has now endured, and what under its former people it is read of as having suffered. Still, we ought not to believe that it is through the injustice of the judge who smites, but rather through the iniquity of the sinful people that these things have come to pass ; since we read that when the people turned unto the Lord, one thousand pursued, and twelve thousand fled; nay more, that, while the people slept, the army 67 Jer. ix. 1.

72 A1TOA18 OP EOGER DE HOVEDEN". A.D. 1187-

of Sennacherib was cut off by the hand of the angel of the Lord. Still, however, that land devoured its inhabitants, and was never able to remain in a state of quietude, or to retain its people, as being transgressors of the laws of God ; thus giving a lesson and an example to those who are aiming at gaining a heavenly Jeru- salem, that they cannot possibly attain the same but by the exercise of good works and through many temptations. These events, in fact, might have been already apprehended when Arroaise and other lands passed into the hands of the Pagans, and proper prudence would only have been used if the people who survived had returned to repentance, and by their con- version appeased God, whom by their transgressions they had offended. Nor yet did His wrath come suddenly upon them, but He delayed His vengeance and gave time for repentance. At last, however, He who loses not justice in mercy, has exer- cised His vengeance in the punishment of the transgressors, and in thus giving a warning to those who wished to be saved. Moreover, we, who amid such great sorrow for that land, ought to give our attention not only to the sins of the inhabitants thereof, but also to our own and to those of the whole people, and to be in dread lest what still remains to us of that land may be lost, and their might may rage to the detriment of other nations as well, as we hear in all parts of dissensions and offences be- tween kings and princes, cities and cities, may well mourn with the Prophet and say : ' There is no truth nor know- ledge of God in the land. By lying, and killing, and

committing adultery, they break out, and blood toucheth blood.' 68 Wherefore this is imperative upon all, and is to be thought upon and to be done ; making atonement for our sins by a voluntary chastisement, we ought, through repent- ance and works of piety, to turn to the Lord our God, and first to amend in ourselves those matters in which we have done amiss, and then to stand prepared for the fierceness and malice of our enemies, and those attacks which they do not fear to make upon God, inasmuch as we ought on no account to hesitate to act in the cause of God. Think, therefore, my sons, how you have come into this world, and how you are to depart therefrom, how transitory are all things, and how tran- sitory are you yourselves as well; and with thanksgiving receive, so far as in you lies, this opportunity for repenting and doing good, and both offer your possessions, and offer yourselves «» Hos. iv. 1, 2.

A.D. 1187. LETTER OF POPE GKEGOBY. 73

as well, because you are not of yourselves, nor have you any- thing of yourselves, who are not able to make so much as a single fly upon the earth. And we do not say, ' leave behind you,' but rather ' present beforehand' to the garner of heaven what you possess, and lay it up with Him, with whom t neither rust nor moth destroy, nor thieves break through and steal,' labouring for the recovery of that land in which for our salva- tion the Truth of the earth was born, and did not disdain for us to bear the cross. And devote not your thoughts to lucre or to temporal glory, but to the will of God, who in His own case has taught you to lay down your lives for your bre- thren, and give unto Him your riches, which, whether wil- lingly or unwillingly, you know not to what heirs you are at last to leave. For indeed it is no new thing that that land is chastised, nor in fact is it unusual that scourgings and chas- tisements should accompany mercifulness. God indeed by His will alone can save it ; but still, we have no right to ask him why He has acted thus : for perhaps He has wished to make trial, and to place this before the notice, of others, if any there are who are of good understanding or who seek for God, and who will with joy embrace the opportunity offered them for repentance, and, laying down their lives for their brethren, will compress and include the deeds of a long life in a small compass. Con- sider how the Maccabees, influenced with zeal for the Divine law, submitted to every extremity of peril for the purpose of liberating their brethren, and showed how that, for the safety of their brethren not only their substance but also their lives were to be laid down, exhorting one another, and saying,

' Arm yourselves, and be valiant men For it is better to

die in battle than to behold the calamities of our people and of our sanctuary.'69 And yet these were under the control of the law only, whereas you, through the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, being led by the light of truth, and being in- structed by many examples of the Saints, ought to act without any hesitation, and not to fear to give your earthly things, few in number, and destined to last for a short time only ; you to whom those good things have been promised and reserved, which ' Neither eye hath seen nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man;'70 and as to which the Apostle says, ' The sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be com- pared with the glory which shall be revealed in us.'71 Where- 6» 1 Mace. iii. 58, 59. 7° 1 Cor. ii. 9. *» Rom. viii. 18.

74 AITOALS OF BOGEB DE HOVEDEN. A.D. 1187-

fore, to those who with a contrite heart and humble spirit shall undertake the labour of this expedition, and shall die in re- pentance for their sins and in the true faith, we do promise ple- nary indulgence for their offences, and eternal life. And whether they shall survive or whether die, they are to know that they will have, by the mercy of Almighty God and of the authority of the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul, and of our- selves, remission of penance imposed for all sins of which they shall have made due confession. The property also of such persons, from the time that they shall have assumed the cross, together with their families, are to be under the protection of the Holy Church of Rome, and of the archbishops, bishops, and other prelates of the Church of God, and no person is to make any claim against the property of which, on assuming the cross, they were in quiet possession, until it is known for certain as to their return or death, but their property is to remain in the meantime untouched, and in their quiet possession ; they are also not to pay interest to any person, if they have so bound themselves ; nor yet are they to go in costly apparel,. or with dogs or hawks, which seem rather to minister to ostentation and luxury than to our necessities ; but they ought to be seen with plain apparel and equipments, by which they may appear rather to be acting in penitence than affecting an empty pomp. Given at Ferrara, on the fourth day before the calends of No- vember, in the sixth year of the indiction."

The Letter of pope Gregory the Eighth to all the faithful, upon the same subject.

" Gregory, the bishop, servant of the servants of God, to all the faithful in Christ, to whom these presents shall come, health and the Apostolic benediction. Never is the wrath of the Supreme Judge more successfully appeased, than when, at His command, carnal desires are extinguished within us. Wherefore, inasmuch as we do not doubt that the disasters of the land of Jerusalem, which have lately happened through the irruption of the Saracens, have been expressly caused by the sins of the inhabitants of the land and of the whole people of Christendom, we, by the common consent of our brethren, and with the approval of many of the bishops, have enacted that all persons shall, for the next five years, on every sixth day of the week, at 'the very least, fast upon Lenten fare, and that, wherever mass is performed, it shall be chaunted at the ninth

A.D. 1187. EFFORTS FOR THE KESCTTE OF JERUSALEM. 75

hour : and this we order to be observed from the Advent of our Lord until the Nativity of our Lord. Also, on the fourth day of the week, and on Saturdays, all persons without distinction, who are in good health are, to abstain from eating flesh. We and our brethren do also forbid to ourselves and to our house- holds the use of flesh on the second day of the week as well, unless it shall so happen that illness or some great calamity or other evident cause shall seem to prevent the same ; trusting that by so doing God will pardon us and leave His blessing behind Him.72 This therefore we do enact to be observed, and whosoever shall be guilty of transgressing the same, is to be considered as a breaker of the fast in Lent. Given at Ferrara, on the fourth day before the calends of November."

Upon this, the princes of the earth, hearing the mandates and exhortations of the Supreme Pontiff, exerted themselves with all their might for the liberation of the land of Jerusalem ; and accordingly, Frederic, the emperor of the Romans, and the archbishops, bishops, dukes, earls, and barons of his em- pire, assumed the sign of the cross. In like manner, after their example, great numbers of the chief men of all the nations of Christendom prepared to succour the land of Jeru- salem.

There was a certain clerk named master Bcrther, a native of Orleans, who aroused the spirits of many to assume the cross by repeating the following lines : 73 "In the strains of Jere- miah the ways of Sion mourn indeed, that no longer is there one upon the solemn day to visit the Holy Sepulchre, or to recall the fulfilment of that prophecy ; the prophecy in which the poet writes that from Sion the law shall go forth. Never shall the law perish there or have an avenger,74 where Christ drank of the cup of passion. The wood of the cross, the banner

72 Sic in original. Probably the real presence in the Eucharist is re- ferred to.

73 This Leonine dirge begins as follows : —

" Juxta threnos Jeremiae Vere Sion lugent viae ;