1. <^HI sfk 3||+^U|

ssk:^ j

# RfRff 2500 Ff ff fMt % Rft % #r h# ft sjr ft i ft *fr f tt^ fr

. #ftf?TF F Rff % #R Tf# FF #R% tl &TF %
4& FTT ^ FFfl FT# # FTF FI FT#t
_ jjlap TRct F d# % Rl M, FT Rtf ft fW FT# FT

'^ ^^S^a msL^ RTF# FFT «TTI T>F f^T RFt Rtf # #F # W

^ m&j&P "* , ^ :' ■ — fr tf? ffF eft Rt sinmr f^r ffr Fff ff %

K _ vV'-’ f%T# ft 1 1 FTT FF F #f Ff HF^ FRTT F#

j^’^'jfr ^R? FF ft RF# R RF RR tRT fF FT

^}* , Rtf # fro frt ft# Rff fi f% ft ff f

dfdPF FF F f^f ft dft fFTFT «TTI FFF %
. , fSfa+TTg ^J^W* ^^jj|jji Ff FR FT RTF # ft FFtl FFT (Thales) RTF

FT TfF fFRTR FT FT R RfF FI 'TR RTt %T#F
ISr RF R#t fl RFt Mf^RTT % T# FFt % #FT #
~ — Z&* FTF TRTptt W ft F F

t®g

FTT

-~ f #r,' '■ ' \.Z^P* FRTR RF FTF FR FR W ft F F

^ y ^A>j K*U W FRR RTR FTF Ft ft RTFfFR FRT % RR
f#ft Ft F^fl FRT % FT FF # Mfkr &TF %
' FF F FT ftFI fF fftf R ^ fl

Ft ^Tf FFt f 3TT f% %% tt^ F FF F §FT ff*ff TF^f Ft FRff sfr SHI^Rd

FRTT f I FT FeT F F?Ff f FT f% Rf FF %FT Rtf # ft #TfTT FI Fff TftF FTT
f^Tft FT F^ R ^ff FT FFF F ff 9>T ftF? RFt fRf FRff # ^ff FR #1 R#TT f TTR

srr FR R'i F FT f> FT^f FF ft f%% fF FF F FRF (amber) F[t fl FR^

TftF FF # Rt “^^'M (elektron)” Rft f I FF t Rt| Rf FIFf^Td dff ffFI FRf FT#
FTftpff t FTRf F FF # ^Tf sfr ^ 3rf#F ft Fffl #TT # FT FJFT F, FF #

TRR^t % WTR RTRt %W 3TRT % ^ RRTR? % Rt 3Tnft RtT RI+ftM f^RTI

% RRFf Rff ftrr (fluff), RFt (thread), W (feathers), RRRT RTR % RRRt RRt (splinters) Rl
W5 ¥RRT eHIRtftl RTRR # RT^ R# RTI TR# fTT RTcR if Rl + 'ftl fipR RRK RT RTI

RTtR R^ R?ff RRR RTRT f% ^TTT RRT fRT, RTRt RR RR 1%W Rt RTFt f^TTI ^

RR% RRtRt % RT^ R RRT, RR RT f%RTT 1%RT RRT ^ fd ^ P)RMI f% ^MftM ReRT RRRt^ft
|l Rfe Rt| # Tpf Rt ^HftM ReRT ft ^TRT RT TRRT RT% eft *[# *ft RM'-PM ft RTeft | cT^TT
Rt| % RRTrT Rt ^IR^el RTeft |l Rf% ^Mftd Rt tt^ ^ (cork) RT TW RT RR # etTTRT
RT%, eft Rf ^fReft | RRT RRRT Ttr; ffTTT RRT f^TT # RtT ^fR ^TRTT |l dlR + l Rt RR RJR %
RTeft R^f f^HTf ^eft, RR % RR RT^ # etTeft ft RT RfTTTT %RT felT RT RTR RTet |l

RRT Rm Rt R*#t RTT ft RMftlR Tpf Rt RRTR (compass) RT RTR f%RT RRTI RR 1400 RR
^ThT % H|Rr 1TR RMftlR Tjfsff # R^RRT ft RJR % TTTet ^T RTeft % TRTRt # RtR RRt %l
Rf% RiJRI % RRR (board) RT RRTR R^f ftet eft RR 1492 R f^TTt%T + N4R RT RHp+l
RfRRT ReRR Rl%R ftRTI RTR[ RR % f%RR R RtRT eft R^ RRRPft ReftR R^f f 3R 3^T
RfR RR RTRf % WR RR f%RTI

RR 1 570 % RRRRT f%f%iTR IftRRR RPT % sf^R R RH + I % RTR RftR RRR 1%%l RRRt ^
3RRT % f%RR R 3R?Rf fRTI 3RRT RT^ % WR RRTRt Rt SRpft 3fR Rl+ftid qRf rtrt
I? 3RRT % f%w if sftr qRT ^ I?

3RRT f%9>4 eft % RRff% R%RR RR% ^RT 7R % RRR RT^RR RRt |l RRT 3RR 7R ^ Rl^
RT eRf % 3RR TRTRt Rt 3tlR.ftfe1 R^t? fttRd ^ SRq- T^f % ^-q- ^

RRTT 1% SRq- RR tff RRR^ RR ^Rp: RRTRf # Rl+fhd || RRRfR % ellT TR ftRT

(diamond), (sapphire), ttr rPTR (opal) R ^ 3 Rrt rr^ ^tr^r f^RTi ^ RTTmRR
ReRRf ^ ^ft 'RT RRRR RR ^TR^R 1%RTI

PtRR^ ^t ?TTR RT 3 Rrt # #R R f^RRTR (elektron) RRT tf^R R R%r|r (electrum)
R^ft- f | RR: RR^ RR^ft 3fR #%-#% RRT^ Rt RIRpfel RRft RRt RRTRt Rt R^ef) (electrics)
RT RTR 1%RTI RrR - RR 4RR RT RRtR RR R^ft RRTR? % f%R f^RT Rt 3RRT % RRTR ^TRRR R7%
£tl

RR^ RjRnfnr # RR RRTR Rt RRT RfT RFt t^TR% RTRR 3RRT RT RTRR % #%-#% RRt
1%RR RTet fl RR 1 650 % RRRR RTTTT R lftdH % ^ f%^R (electricity) RfTI RR RRR ^TtR

% RTPff RR Rffft # 3TTT RTR TfT «TTI % R+ff RtR RR trtrT % Rpiff RT

TT^R- SR^R RRf T| ^1

pfra ^ttt fern Tfsro Rff ffR rst wi

RR RRT R?f <M£I ■MR | eft p% HRI^f RTRif'fcr
pi rR RfsTR <MSI d R eft R-R I $)m I? RR I

ri+'Ri srto ftm? wr strt if sffr site

tRpf 3TT RTTTRft? ^T eR^ % RRtR RTRT
RldldM pP,R> (Ottovon Guericke) RTRR p
rRf RTI RRRR: R*Pf 3TRT % p pt # RR#
% srf^Rnte ttrt sffr fiR rr R*Pf m^\

RRf^TRf % if)R if RRRT eft RTFf RdRp
(crackles) ^ff RTRTR ^ffl RR RTpf Rff RR
if PfRT Rf Rft p RRTR % RTR RpRft #
(flash) tft f%#l ft RRRT I f% RI %
RTTR RRR pT R^d Rt RRP if pR d^l MRI fft
RRT fPpf RTRTR R RfRfff # H Cl R % RTR
RTp R?ft R^ft ftl

RTRJ FddRd hR ftRpff ^ff 'M'PIP Sd^l T?f€t c <ff 1% M^Pr pTR iff MR I RpC R?f RRT 1% RTf
Rfe RR RRtR Rt sftr sRf ^ RRTT | pTRR 3RRR if RpT srf&RT R^?f # RTRRTRRT fRf I ^R%
Rrrr Rff 3RRT % R# RR# # 3TR9RRRT sff| RRtf^ SfJRT TTR TR RJ, RR% iff JrR R1|R R|pf

Pi ^rRttt M^Pr P RR 1672 if RRR (sulphur) RTR % p Rp PfP RRTp RT RRtR fpRT,

RRffP RRR 3RRR # cJRRT if Rp RTRT RTI Rf fPpT ft *ft Rf % RT^ RT p% RRTRt
# STRff 3TR STRf^R RTeff «ftl

R^PR) % WR RRT RT R’STRi % pt XTSf> RtR RRTTR (flask) R T%l WT7R Rf RT R7%
R’STRi Rt f^RTPTT 3^7 3Tto R’SRT eR eR> ^ I R d I pf RR RR 1% RRT7R R[ff Rp 'RT ^fT|
eRT^eTR ^5 % P (handle) % 1^ # ft tf WT str i%RI RRT7R

R ft m; R RR Rt Rd ftd ft dP.dPfd ft Rh dftPd ft dTdmR ft R ftR ddT
dR % TdR R dTdmR ft fft+MII R XJT ft did T ft^ft ftdd R ftd fftR R ddft dT ft R
dR Ri ddft ij5 R dRim ft ftrnr R ftd R d,dim ddT ddr fnr ftmr R TddTi ddft Rt
fft ftdd R ftd PRd % Rf ft f i dd dd> fft ft) ft R sdfti P) ^d R TdTd tt ^Rd d^i
fftrn ?tti fRrr ft dR dr ftmr R ftd % dfd dTdTd dTR fRdH Ri dd fRrr dTR 3 ttR dT
xfd (discharge) ft eft ftd ft RdlPR R iftd>R R ddR ddd dTR R fft ftdR if R
Rut Rl d^Pd> dfdT dTdR dT Rdft dftd % fftdjTT dcdldH ddR dTR dRd dd dlfftdK

fftdT dTI

2. dTTRT3ftr$dM +

dftPd % dRR R dR % tt^strt Rd fRrr % dwrd if RR Rft ftft Rn
dfiftH ft (Stephen Gray) dTdd tt^ sRr % xfd ft ft f^f ddtd dR dT Rftd fftdTI ddft
dR dr mrdtd fRrr dcMidd if fftdT dftffft dR ft dt tR dR R di dfft dftPd R wrt
ftdT R dR XTd> sps^r Rt^d ft, R Rsr^> % d I ft dtT % dR dd dR dR d 1 1 dd dR dT Rd
dTTTT Rt ftdd R ^cTT R dRl

ft ft dddd 1 -Rtt mR ftRR dR R tR R wti ^r ^tR ft wf R snRRr fRn, RrR
?1ld fRT ^ R dii-d R <tR if <d^ ft diKd R t^d drM'd ^1 ftfft R^ - R dR did") Rt dT
X|R ft R, ft ft fftdK fftdT fft dR if ?Jdr ^TftR df^TT : 3dTd)T RR ft ^iRdil ST^:
^rft RdT Rt dr ddft dFTT Rl dd' R STdftlT dT RR fdTI W ddft RRR SdRftd
fXT j ddfft ddft ddft R <d^l R dR dT, ddft R ftd<d Rd R R <d^l dTI Sd^i ft ft d^
fftx^df fftdddTT fft Rd R dR if ddT ft fRjd ddW ff Rd ddft ft dft^T ddT dRl

ddT d^ ^Td ft dd>dT t? ddT fft^d - ddT ddR |? ft ft ftdTddT ft Rf 5Td ft fftft ST^T dRd

fftfti ddft xt^ 1 0-ftRRdd dnR Rd R dR R Rr idift xt^ Rt dr dR dFTT R ddT fR
Rt dr xt^ dTR Rr (ivory) R ftd dFTT Rl dR desrTd dR ftd^r Rd R dddT Rt ?ttft tw
fft ^tR R R ftd ddT dR R d- ^3TT ^Tftl R deSTTd' R W ^tR R ft Rddr Rl dR d^
RR fftdTTT R fRrr dd RdK dR ft ddft Rt ^tR R ft f am

ddRdl^ dR if d^ dR |l dd RdTTd R ddl'fjftl RdT d^fft |l Rf R dTTT ddrft ddT ftd
Wf|d ff ddR |l ftft dR ft xt^ dTdT ddlft dT dd d^dT | ftft ff dT^ d^ff ft R |l

rt ct^tt fff ft rt (fluids) Rf f Rwfl fffxx rr f str "fluids" f ffR w | Rw+i srf
RUffcT ftR (to flow) || 3Tcf: f % RlfR 1% ffR Riff % RRFT f RffcT ft Rff t ^
3TR Rff ff Rf R ft XR y o) |f^d fft RR RT |l RT ^Pft^T % W 3TR ffr ft ff ^f| d RT
% fWT f Rff Rf Rtl

Rff RTTXT ft % 3IW ffR ff ffR ft ffdfl fft R fdlftd R Rf f? RFt Rft RT ft
fd ft XR d< l -b 3 1 -H f RRI R ftft Rft d<Hi Rf f ft 3^T d>lf d>id ft dfl f XR
#T ^ sfti ^ ft R=ft ft RTRt R, R-ft RT ft xfa % Wf ft 3Ud>ffd f^RTTI RFt ff Rft

ftft "ft R' r 1% irrft did ft fd 9 -ft Rxft fir % ftr r Rrft Tfti r ft fd fft ft

3Ud>ffd RftTftl

ft sflr sff^T fffft R TftsRT RR dlRII R, TX^ 9 -ft fft fl< R ft Rt 3Rf R ft Rf
R XRT fid I R RT Rl Rt XR 3RT If d K Rf I ff R Rift d>l4tl Id I f RR ft RT f RPT
ftft ft ftff RTT jfl'ddd RTTf I

RT XTR Rtf 100-ft f ft RffR Rff ftft ft Rt-#f, ffff f Rif Rf R RR ffTTI
did") ftr RT f ftf ft fir ddd> ft f I XR f|< R R ft d<fi RITft dR Rf fR R R-ft
dff ft xfe RTTftl RR RT ffft dff ft ffddl ft WT, R W SH+lfd dff ^XT| 3RTRT
ffR y d iffd ftft R ft XTf | RT ^ RllfxT r ff ftff i[R fft ft? 3nf%RR Rif ftft
ft R sffRTR' RRf IfdRT ft ft ffRT f f ffxT R ft?

Rd^ STd- W ff Rft ft Wf f WTcT fxff ft ill+lfd R Tft ftl RT xrff R ff ffRT
RftxrffTftftlRtRft ffR R RTTR ft xrff ft RT R| R fft ft?T R RT R
ft RT y fid ft ffRT R Tft ft, fft fid ft Rif Rf dfl dft ft I R RTT fid ft

Rift ft?

ansft TT TTFf Ttff TT W ft ^Ml TTI ¥TT% TTTT TTFf Tfft TT ^T T #T TRT TTT

f^m ttt #r % trtt Tt f%rrr tt wr t Tt tttt ^stt ttir ttt; t ttt ttt? tttt: wt ft

fTT fFTT, Tff1% #T WTF Ttft r 4t cf^TT TT RT% TTRPT t TTjR TTTT TTT RTI TT:

R>4) TtT TTTft dTJ TT TTTtT ^t 4 1 ^1 I

tt % TFT f^f TTTT T TTfT ^TT TT TTTT TTI TTFf \TT % TFt % <§Tt Tf TT%T #T TT TRTTI
TT f%^T TT Ttft tt #T if, sftT^FT % TFt tt ft TT ft TT TTTT TTI T^TT 1TTTT TTTT f
f% f%^T RTt tt Tft TT TT^, Tt f^JT Tfft T ft Tfrft TTT TTtT ^T: » fFTTI TTFT fTT
f^TT TTT TTtT TTT *ft f 3TTI

f^JT TT 30-ift T^ft Ttft T TTT #T tt ^fTt TT TTTffr f3TTI TT RFf TTT Tt Tfft %
TTT #T TC RTTT Tt fTt TC ^T«ff TTT # TTT % WT Tt TTft TR snrf^T f^TTI tt
3Tf^TTl%T Tfft TT TTTtT TTTT Wl TT T Tfft RFft TT^t ft Tft 1% TTTt TTTT^ TTTT
>TT TT STTTT TT W! TT tt % Tfft Tt TTTTRT % \TT % TFt % TTTT TT TWf ftTT TT
TR TT 1F%TTT f%TTI TRJ TT 1%TJT WT TT Tff TfT TFff S^T TFJ T TTlffT ft Tftl tt %
R'T'J Rt^ii 1% f^r ^ftrr % tk % ftstf % tt^t t^tt wi ^ Tt ^rt ^tt

Tf f 1% TK f^FT FTT«f TT TTT f TT f , T 1% R>d'H'l TTFT f I

tt % str srf&T TRtT TTT TFTT 1% f^?f # 3FT T^TT # STTiTT TT^ % TR % TTSTT %
3R# TRT T Wffr TT TT% fl TT TTTT ^ TT^ TTTT 3R TTT^ ^TT% TTRT Tt f%^T
TTTlfT ft T%, TTT TTT«t Tt 1%^T TTTT TT ^TTTT (conductor) TfT TTTI 1^T% TTSTT %
fTTR +'R>H'll T ^dllfd ft, T^^R%TTTTTfTTTT (insulator) TfT TTTI

3TT ^ TTTT ^JTT TT f% 3RTT, TTT, TTT TTT 3FT TTT«f TTT % TTTTT TTt f%^TTT ft TT% %l
% TT fTTTT %l TTTT TR TTTFf TT % f%^TTT ft Tit % TTT RRT Tt fl^T Tft Tff TT TTcft

r 4tl

TT 1731 T tt % TT^ tetr TT T^TT TTT (resin) % ^rjT% TT TTT£ Tt TT TT f^TTI TTT
3RTT # TT^ TT TTFf f TTT fTTTT ^t f I TT^ TT^ Tt fTT ^ T TTT TT, >TT % TTTT T
TTTTI ' T TT ^t fTTTT f I TT^ % TT^ T %TT TTT, \m, TTT TT^ % Tt T^t fTTTT

RTT^ Tt TT f^T TTTT ft Tt fTTTTf % TTSTT Tt TT^T Tff TT T#l f^JT TT^ TT ft Tft
TTT TTFt Wf Tt TTTf^T f%TTI

ft ft fF FFft ftt ^F ft TfF FFfd ftFF ftt fttft ft FdFMI FFT FFft TTSf> ftt ftFF ft TFFTI
f^f FFF FFfTF, W FF FFft WR- FFft wf % ffttp^ Fft I

ft ft ff FTf Ff FfttFT fft fftftt ftt FTf ftt wft ft FFft fftsjF ff ftt ft ffft |i

3. FFfFF^ft=IH

ft % FFtftf ftt fttF ft fftF ft FR FTFT ft Fffttl FTF ft FTrft JbifftF fft (Charles
Francis DuFay) ft FFtF fftftl FF 1 733 ft FFft ddft FF T[F> FFFT d<t>si fftPTT FFT

Fft TFft ftt FF# FTF ft FFFI fftd # ^F ft Pfr T&-R- # #T ft ^IdFMII FF FFft fftFJFFF
T#t ft FFft ftt ^FF f#JFFF fftFT # fftFJF FFTF FF ft TFft ftt FFf FT ftF F#l #TT
FFfftf I'SfT FFffft TFft fftFJF FT FT I FFT TFft fttr FFft ftFF ftFF ftt FR FFT FTf ft

FFft ft 3TTft ft, FFfftp; f#jp fftfftftrr (escape) pft ft FT#I

Ffft fft FTfFT fft FFft ftt fWTO FRft ft FFTTF f#JF Rdiffth ft FTft ftt Fft tftft FTf ft
dFft ft FFft ftt ^FT FT I ftFT Fdft ft f#JF FF fTF FTf ft dF ft ft FT FTFT FFT FFft fft^FTffF
ft FTcftl

fft) ft fftft FFft ft dF>ft ftt Ffft dF>ft ftt FTf fttft fft Hdftl FTF ft FFF FFT Ffft dF>ft ft Ift^d
ft RF ft FRFFFTI FF F# FTft ft Ft dFft FTF-FTTT fW ft.ftt. ft fT ftl fft ft FIT tftfftfF fftFT
fft F# ft fFT fftffFr Fft ft 1## fttftf dF ft IftFJF fttft Fdft df I FFft ftftFT fft Ffft Pfr
dFft ftt fftFJFFF fttft Ft Ff f# ftt FIF>fftd FftFTI fft ft ftFF ft FTF FFF ftt T#t ftt FF
FF> TFFT FF FF fft T#t fft^F FF ft FT pfttl FFft FF fftfjTTFF W$ ftt FFft ft d# ft ^FTI
Rtjd FF FF TFft ft dftt ft FFft ft Fdllf d ft FFTI

ftft ftt FFft srftSTT ftt ftt, fttF ftFT ft fFTI fFRFFF Fdft FFF FF^f Fdft ft fttF ft FTFFftr
fFTI

Ftftf FFft ft dFft fttft F FdFFT: TT^ fFft ft Tflft Fftl fftsjfttF Fl + 't'd FF Ftftf ftt TfF FTF

fttF TfT FTI

RR ddR R RtRt dRt R fRtRR R Rt R RtRt R Rt 3uRld RRti fR R ^rtt fR
dRt 3H'=h^u| Rf t^tT RRnR ftfTTI STef: ^fdR % ddR TT^ R sftr RRf^; RRR cf^TT sR R

RtTP^ Hd+dl

f% % *rft RR fR^TTI ^Rt ^ % Rt dR RR ^dd>lR fRd ^Rt Rsf R R WT ePTT
xt^T R FTR Rid I d d-l ?d I d 33 A dR R TdR IRd 1 1 : dpR STPSPf f3TT R ddR % 41 -d
stffRt RRi RR<?nR Rt «tti ^R % dR RtR Rf RR dRr dr R R, xt^

R dfRfRd (repel) dT ^ dR ^tt|

^ ^Ter RRter Rti ddT fRirr mt °ddRR RRft? st^pt RR *f fR R Rd' R Rf

dR Rti tR st^t wRf dr dddld dR R RRi ^R xm (resin) ct^tt R ttt ft

TdFT RfR MTM'K \m R cpFRT ft 3RW dR dRt || TM R R^efld dR dR % Rt
dRf R ^stti Rd RR dR tt^ Rf ft x[t ft ^tti % tt^ Rf R ^ dd t| %i

]

Id Rid oft^ R ^IRprq ^ra? w ^rddfor

fR % xt^t y did sR Rd 1 1 dR xt^t dii-d R tsit R Rd ft <d$i ddT iRt dR % xt^t tR R
T^TTI ddPSTRT dR XmR^?Rm^ WT ddT dR dR R fR dR R |£3TTI dd dTT dR
R dRf if 3ii d>Ri «ni dR R fRrr dd" ft R fxr tR tt^ fR R di+Rd dd df Ri fR R
dRTT R fRdf ^ Rt w: R ftet |l XT^ ^ %TT R ddjR tpr R Wd dPT PTI ^dlR sRt R

1%XT ^ WP-RdlRid ^ ^|R| sR ^dTTT R TM R dTd w «TTI Rt ^ TM-fR^RR ^ RRl

RR ^tR R dR dPTHT 5pr R R ft, Rt Rt RRRRr ^R f sR ^fR R stw^ ^ R R ft Rt
xr^ ^R R srR sttRR ffRi irdT er«x R -hh^I R fRR fR R sR RR fRRi ^R fRpfR
R ^jR R xtrt R t ^ stt sR ^ ftR R f^?r ^ R wd fRni ^R p^strt R d' R^R’tt
R 'dTdvd 4R-4R dTddf ^tR R fRd dTPTTI Rd' R x^R- ^rR R R TTXTPT R^ef 5d"

fR R dPTw ^ tR dd^T Rd" R^R^rft wi R-^dld xmR^R ^ rpn w Rt

c t>l4> Mlt>Rd ft MMT R RM R MR SJt>
MR I 'til'li if Rd^Rd MM <l<d R RM ft RR MT
MR 5>«i RdCld fMTI tl<d R RM if til'll R ^T
Rid l MdR til’d R sMM if Mlt>Rd Rd 1 1

RfR m^t mmtR % mtm 'lift mRm RRi rR
%w R mm R RRt mmR R R^cfld Rmt

MMT, MMR if fRjM MM MT eft Rm R %
MMTM MTT MMMT TTR R MMTMI Rt %MTT

R mmr % ft Rmjm mm RRi Rf RR mmr
mm mm Mff Rrm

Rff MMM RT MTM R Rm ft Tft R R Rm
MR % MMTMf if mRm MTMT if RmJM R RT
MRl MM 1745 % MTMMTM RR % MTM %
*Rmtm (jar) % mtm mRm mtR mt*j RRi %

RmIH MR mR MTfT, TmR ft 37t1RTR RRt
( coated) ifl mRttm % Mpt fir gf r mR Ri
' tid'd R Rt (chain) R MTM xtm> fld'd R
R mR % MTSMM ft RdM f ItM <dd Id 1 1
Rmmt R Rt R Rmtm if RR if RR fRnr mR RmjRm mtm R % mtitt RmR ft
Rmmt R R ^mt R R^efid mm 44 mm Rr % mr R mri; if mr mtrtti R^fR
MM MR MfR R MT1[T Mft PtMR MR tdTR MR WT WM RR JMTM t> '41

MM PtMdHd MRT R Rt mIRm fRjM MM RmTM if mRRm ft RRTI MM:

RMTM if 1TMMT mPR fRjM MM MTMT MT MMM tRRt hR|H MfM fRjM ft MT%fRT ft MMTI

RT MMR % MRMTR R MTRRR MR’ MTRft if TTM MM RRR R RfMMT MTM RtR tM ^RfMtli
(Peter Van Musschenbrock) MTI RfR RmtRm % RRm RrRmttrt if mR Rmt sftr mtt
MMMRT R “RIm MR “Leyden Jar” M^TI RRm MR if RrMMT mRm R^M MM RT MTMT MT, R
MMMT ft mRm MT^T MR MT MMM MTMT MTI MM tRM if mRmmRm Rlt rR % RTTM MTI

RtmR mRm rR tRm if rIR rR ft % rR mi^t % Rm^ srf>T ^Ri mR tRm % MfjM R x|mt

RR =f Mt rR MTMM RmMT MTtRi RtT ft %Rt MR if fidl MTI %Rt mtt R R^m ^ Rt
mRr mRRTM rR R MR mRr RMMT t MmRRm (discharge) ft MTMT MT MMT R^M MM
MTMT dd llfd ft Midi MTI

RR MR % MTM MMR RR MR MMM f^f RR % MTMT R MR ’JoR: mRR[M fR MT XRTTMTR
ft MRMT MTI MR % RR mR RmM #^R MTMTMTft ^ ^ MT ^jft R^M MTMT MT MrR R
MMT ^ MR MTM if MMM MT MRR Rl H^RR'l M; ^ MM MM^ %Rt MR % MTM mRmR fRTT MM

R^ft RPT RTT Rt R^ f%RTT f%RT RRTRT Pf RRp Pfepff f^RJR Rft RT RReft |l RR R*Pt
'Tid'd Tft UR Rt ^RT eft Rft P^eUd RdRi (electric shock) RRTI RR RR% ft Rl[ TT% PH d£i
sffT Rt 1%R RR f^TRT R RRT TfRI RR% RTR R*pt fttR RTT % RTR ReRR RTRRpft ^jfR RPf
Rd 1 1

RR pitR RTT Rt 3RR RftRf % RRlTPtd RrT RRT eft RtR %R R% 1 % RfR ^TRT tR^ef RR
rtitt wf|er fPt rt rrt ftRT fi rr RRt rtt % f%RjR rr Rt RePt rttt % w ft wfter
rt% Rft 3RT%fRr f^Ri eft rrP rpT Rt rr rt: Rv-hi fRni

R%HefdM Rfffft TW RT% faRft TtRR # UR #Tt # RT^ RefRM R RRT RT% eft ^R RT

srrj sttRr Rt rt^t PIrm %Rti rR rRrr Rt ^rt Rff rt%, Rt met; trr rRrr % #r tt^
RPJ Rt RTR fPft Rt JRTRR ftTT, SR: RefRM RdPPd Rff ft R%RTI

r 1% RefRTR Rt ur % sffr rtrt rtR Rt rr% rsr RPt Rt w sftr x^ft |rTT dnRRti r^;
IRrR Repft ftRt Repft ft rr jrtrr frRti rr R Rif rtRr Rt ftRTt R 1%R WtR Rff ftRtl
fR^ef RR RR, RRr rRrR ft RPJ R R%^T RRTTI RR ft f%RJR RPJ R RPRR R WffeT ftRt,
R^ R^ Rt rR RRRt RRT RR RTJ RRRrftl RR RPJ RRRt RRT RfRR RT%ff Rfr ^rr rrP if
srPt rw RRRti RrffPnj rr RRr rt rttRIRr ftR f Rt RpPRuff RrtR rrt %r
- dd-ddi^d PldMefl f I

4 . RRcRR TTR RRTeRR

RTR RT d^h^l

RRfRR RfRR RR fRTRT RTR R
RR% 3TP RfRTRf RT RRTR

f^RJeftR RRtRt Rt ^RTT RRRtf^R R^TRTRT
Rt RTT RTet fXT dHp+l Rt PtfeRR +lRlRl
RfRRRtRR (Pennsylvenia) RfRtl
'ffd-dfddl R R^lPld RfRpR RTR % TT^
RHp+d R rRr R TT^ RRr RR RR f%R|
RPRf f RT 1% f^R RR RR % 3RR| Rf%
Rtf r|r ^t Rt TRRR f 3^T RRRt
^ RTR f , eft RR RR RR% TR fTR %
RPR, I^TR^ RtR # Rt TRR R? sffT
f^T fTR R f%^R RR Rff ft RTR? RR R^
RTeft ft RTR?

&PiVM % RRRR RftRR RT^ # RN'tl RR%
pld d'H'f T^R odpti Rt RtR % R^ - y Jd^i RT
<d;3| Rid 1 1 RtR JR MR Rl RR: RR RR
RpFT % RTR R RT^ % RppR sftr Rff

iprr, ffsjR rt ft rr Rif r%r Rff rt rri

RR % 3RT Rf ft* Rff % RR ft ft fRR R^f # Riff RTRl RR # ff^d'*H ft
Rft RRT ¥Rf ^f% RRTR? ft RTRffR ffRTI ffgJR Rff f Rift? ft RR Rff f Riff ftffl
RRf ffRJR jR RRR ff^RTR Tft ftff, W^ ffft RTRT f SRffR Riff ft ftffl RR RRf RTR
ft s3R ft RTRT, Rtjd RT RR RR s5R f ft R RT RRTI RTRJ RRf °dff RT RRT ftR <^l?
IfRf ffsjR rr f f r%r ffRT, rr rr Rff f ft ffRTi ^rrt rr Rtfn rc rrt rrt

fRT?

1>R ftRR RT RTR H f RR f Rif f ftdd f Hi H f ^Rt ■‘Jdf RT TTR RR Rff ft RRT ff d 1 1
R|lf Rff f R^dHd RM ft f ^Rt Rff ft ^RTI ffjJR RR RRP ©qff if ¥pr dd I RRT
R^ ff^dRd ft RRTI W TRTf f%RR Rt| r(% Rfft RRff TRft ffft RTRR f RTR Tft ft

If HI'O If Hifi I d cH ?d I d RT[ If t^ddd dfl TfTT rIT Rd l^lf d ft dd 1 1

W5 Rff Rff RT RRT flRT f*TRf ff?JR RR ft fRf Rff f R%R RTTRT? RR RfRT rRf ft
If ^dHd ft RRT RT RRT RRT ft Rl+Ifd RT TffT RTI RRft ft ffll'O f RTR ddldlf d ffRT
RTRRRTRTI

RTR f Rf ft If Rdl ff ftff Rffft f RTR ffR-ffR RT% R f I Rff f RTR, If dfl RTR

ft ^ f If ^dHd ffRT W RT, ff ^TTT If HlPd RtR-ff^?f ^ «TTI TRt rRp f wflfR-
ff^ct C 4TI (Rf RTf f SRft ^TTT 'RNt R - RRcTT f , Rft RtR ft ^TTT If ^dHd
RTf cTRT f^f flfR ft If ^dHd RT% I ^ ff flR f ffR rRf ft ftT

3HH>Ifd ftf f cTRT fid f dd>^ ffd Rff) f fT fdf f ) |

f lfdd ft RR ff RfR RFf f ’Tff f ft RRT f ff^cf ^ TfdT % Wf W ff R^TT
RRTT f ff ff dlf RdHd ftl ^ fSf ft dl+Ifd Rff RRTI

R? f RTRT f^f ff^cf RT f ^ ff^r RTcTT dT f^f ^rf W RRT ^TRT f I ?R f
ff^R R ft HIHIR f STffR ftR 3T?RT RTHTR f RR ftRI ftff ft R«Tffff f ^ ff
RRHT ^fR ff ff Rif W ff^cf 3nf ^T ftl Rff f W H IHIR f sf^R ff^?f ^ f ft

flfdd t^fr^ “RTTRR snff^R” (positively charged) f l ftr dff r^ f w -hihir f
RT ff^?r RT f ft ^ “RRTRR strRr” (negatively charged) f I Tff ftff R^ft f Rf^
f TR RfRR 3TT% 9T f ft f TT^ ft ylf +ffd ftf I ^ ^dlf M, RTfff R^R f W Rfft

f srffR ff^T f cTR RfR f Iff ff ffgjcf R ftf Rlffl Rff f I dlf ftff f WIR

3TT%R f ft ft f XT^ f RR f | RlfflT Rffl% R^R % RR RffR f RR ff^R f fhc

RR ftf ft fTR ^ft ft If t^d df] RRI

Rff XT5f> RF^ f RR RdRRR RT%R ft RR ^Rft f RR RRTTRR RT%R ft ft If Rif ffRJR
ffR ftff I RTTRTR RTRR RTft RF^ f RR dldpR ff^R RR ftR f ft RR R RRft f RRff
fflrft f RR ff^R RR ft Rft ftff f I RR: ftff RR^t tt^ Rf dl+Ifd Rfft sftr rr %

^cft t eft StRIRcT Rf if Rfjcf RT ^ IJ lleH+ StRRcT Rf if Rr RR fl RPSTR

rR % rf Rsjf # RR ^rr^n fRf rtt rR it Rf R srRIitF Fff Rrti ftff RRR

stRst xfF R %rt (neutralize) R Rl

RRm if RftFF fRTTI Rif TfF RR it Rf R WRft cf^TT R if Rif fR

RR R ^3ffl 3R TT^ % RF FeRR RfJF RT R FFR fR % RF FcRT FF Rl ftff RfJF
% SfRfR ^1 TT^ % RF FHIFF fRf R cf^TT fR RF ’kRFF 3TT%9T RTI

rR ft R RfRff % FRf frat R ^ fR % RfRf % RR Ffr fr rtR RrfRff R

fR % FTF Rt % HFFFIRI FF Rffif RfT fRF eft fRfF FF FfT % fR if F%F FF Wl
FFff% RR f%FJF if FT%fRr F, RfR RTl%Ff % Rf TT^ FFFFTT FRlR Rf>R| RR
RRR R RRtFf if FHFFIfd ff I FF% FTF Rf R rIR fRjFFF fR TfTT, FR FFFF
FTRt %FFT R FR Rl

FF FF Ff R R fRf WT FF fRfF 3TT%R R cf^TT fRf FFFF FF WT^I FF FRT

R ^F R RTF % FTFT, eft FFF if R eft PM % fIRf RfF FTR R RM it FF FPftl
RRlH % W FfR ff% FF Rf TTRTT fR Rl FF: RFf RR FfFTF FRRI

RfRlH % fRR fRfT f% FFRf % FRIF FFF if -HIHIR % FR fRfF FF R fRRt FRif
FRTTRF FTRt Rl RR STsf ^ f% >1^R # if RR SRK RT 3TT%R R sftr ^f
RTTRR RTRR Rl ^nff Rt 1%^^ 3TT%§ff # ^RR>f^R FRT ^TfR % 3TT%§ff t # RT I RT%
RRRT % RjRT RRRR TT^q- RTTRTR 3TR9T ^R R[| (f^f Rff WR ^R ^lR+
RR TRR- f%fR % R«T R &R<R % RR %, RT f%W if Rf&R RRf if RST RR R%, eft
RRR RrR Rrtrt fR RfRR R RJfTR Rl R^ef R' RTR if RH % Rf&R R

eTRiRRif tTFMiWI ^T Ref % R RReR RT ^ RRR ffRf ^ f3TT) I

R^ef R- % ^RfR R RRR % WR RfRR RT # ^R Rff Rf FR R! RRI RR
RRf TR^f # RRRT RF R RRT R% R ^ RRTRTR R4R RTTRR 3 tR<?T ff RrI

Rrr rRr R^ stR^t if rct rRtt rrt ff Rr RRf rrt RR ff rRtti Rtt
rR rR % rrr Rrr f^r ff rrt ff stR^t RrfRr ff rRtti

tR %Rt rt if Rr % tt^ Rt ft Rt wtr r rtt ^Rf Rr Rr if ^h i r+ 3tR^t
R l RT Rff R fR # FTR f fRf 3 tRR R tt^t Rq- stR ?TR RrrRr fR ^ fRTI
WTcR StRRr Rt '=H'kH 0 h StRRr R snRRf RRT T^TI 3R: Ref % Rff R f^T
3tR?r rR ff 3TTFTT % 3RT Rrf % R^fR 3 tR?T if stRf ff RR Rl

ri% r^ MRr f rt % rtRTR fR r RrR ff RrR % Rw if Rrt Rri
9b'R^H f RRf Rt R#t % R«T RrR rR fRPT (thunder storm) if RTRf R# fRRf %
RTTRRfTI

41 -kid % 44#f # 4%4 44T f%4# 44T

? 44 f%4# 4T4T ^444 444 TfTT 4T, # 4T44
4144 444 ’f# % TT^ 4% %%4 4TT % WT
^T4^TT f%4TI 4T44 4T4# % 4^'J|kH4 3TT%^T
4244 f 34 44T 4#f % 44kH4 37744 447,

3T44T 4444 4447 f4TI 44 ## % #4 [%¥IHM
4TJ % $4M4 44 444 f%4TI 44 4T44T sffT 44J
if 44# 4T44 U#%d ft 44T, # 374T4#4 fl%
% #4 #4 ¥44T 37#4 ft 44T f% f#J4 44 %
3T44T TR4T 4TJ % 4T?44 % 44T f#TTI ¥4%
4444 4^ 4444 #%4T# f%4T# I%4># #%
f4 f%d%l 44 4444T 4f% | 44T 3444
#%P?TT# f%244 # 4%4 4f% fl

3TT%f%4 ft% % ^ 4#%4 |Tt 3444 # 4T4T
3444 37#4 #1 ¥4 4444 % 374T44 # 3444
3%%4 4TI 4# ## 4444 ¥4# 4T4T % f#J4 44
# 3T4T4f44 4% # 44# 4# 4444 # 444
%#l 4# #f 44T4 ¥4# 374T%#4 4% # 44%
44T4 % 4^ 44 # 4444 f I

3J4 1 752 if #%4T4 % 44# 4444T % 4#44 %
f%% 23(444 3# #37# 444% % 444 444 44#
44 f%4T4 f%4TI 44% 444 # 44# % %4 44
4 T^ # tt^t ^## ^4 4t# 44T 44 ^4 % tt^t 4#4 ## #4 #1 44% ## 44 xrsf> §447 444
# 44T4% 4T# 44# % #4 f%4TI ## % f%4% #4 44 44% TT4 4T^ # 4T# 4244 #1

%4Tf%4 #444 4TTT #44 444 44 44#

f#^T 4¥

4 # 444# % f%4J4 ft# # 4^ 444 44 4# ft 4T^ # ^4 % 444
4%# 444 ## ## % 4TS44 % %t% f# ft 4T# 44 44## ft#l
44% ¥4 4#4 # 374% 44R 4ft 444T 4T^T 4#f% f%4J4 44 4444
4% 4T4 # 4444 4TI 374: 44% 4^7 #74 # ## # W[ %4T#t
4T# #ft % #4 f%4 1 37%: 44% #T4 # ## # 44441 44 44> #T4
23?4T ft4T, 44 44 f#J4 44% 44## 4ft ft#l 444 44# 444 4^
37#4 4T44T# % 4T4 ^44 % %t% ?44T 4fTI (4444 % f%4# 4#
23(444 % 444 4444 3T#4 W4T4T4> % 44T %4T 44% fTT 7## 47 -
# 4TT f | 374: %4T 444 4ft 444T 4##)l

44 2(44# 4T44 ¥%| |4; # ^ 574 474 %f%44 % £444 f%4T f%
444 # ## %%% ¥4 44^ fir 4% % %% 44 4# % 444T f%^4
3fT%4 ftl

4T44Ttt % 444 %Rdd % 3T4%t 44tt tt tfft % l%4% ttT 47 ttt ft 4Ttt % Rt44 7WI
4T%t % 44# 44# # 3TK Rd# #4# sftr 4% 4444 44441 4f 4744 4# 47^ 44 44 %44

1% # 44)44444 t f#7r 44 % sRTRfRm fit 47 444 441

^ st# 444 tt^ 3RTT%f^r #4 4T7 tt 4444 441 44 % 4T7 # t%44 # ^¥ % 4# # ^34

444 4T7 44 #44 1%44l 4T7 44 ^47 f#PJ4 %44 ft 44 #t R^ddd 4# # #t t 447
# 47 ft44 «TTI

Sf^R t 1%44 ft 444# f%4# (lightening) tt^ f%^r Rf# ft f I 47# 4^ tt R4S
f%44 ft HI-# t 47W f#7r 444 4#44T44 t 44# 4# f#J4 XTSf> W fl

%Rdd % f^f sft7 tt l%44l 744 1 747 t # # #4 447 f%44 44 47# 47T% TTT^T ft 44# ft%

41 Wf 3R 47# TT^ R# 47 ^744 (blunt) tt44 # ^4 % 7444 47 ^t# ^4 44 444#
f%44l ¥7T dddld % 4T4 %# 447 # 344#R[4 4744 7T74 441 3444 # 7J# t #4 447 #
344##4 4744 ¥444 7T74 44 #44 1% 474# 4 #Rrt 4744 ft 34#4 4#4 ft Wl %# 447 t
Ri d H I tt spftT 474 ft, 4^ 7p) % RR t ftdT f3TT 4#7 444 4T4T 441

t+Rdd % 44# 44 1% Rdtl sft7 4# Rid 4.4 TT^ 4f4 444 %# 4T7 44ft f I tt 44T ^444
% 444 ^t# ttf 4T44t 44T ’J# 4t tt dditltd 44 ttt?

44t XT^ ^4 # TT^ 4444 # ^4 44 44T 44T 4T4T 4I4T ¥4# 4tt4 t 4t4 ft4TI f4T

44t 44 4444 44T 44% 4T4 444 % %4 4%t tt 4ft4 4T%4 l(4>Rld 4ft 44 4Tttl f%4%t
ttt t 3444 M.diR d ft4T, 4dtt ft ttt t 4T^4 It ^d 4T%4TI 3T4: 4^T 444 dd 4tt 4ft
ftttl ¥4 44^ t 4444 4tt tt Itd tl % RKt 44 44 4ft ft4TI

444 % 44t4 % TT4 4% W44 1 753 t, tRdd t ^lt4T %t 44T4T f% 1%4 44f 4444 44 Rdtl

tt ^4 %t 4444T 4T 4444 f I 44% 4T4 3itP,4>i 4^q- ijfbr tt 4tt dltdtl 4 4444 % 4444T %
444 f%4tt tt ^4 dditl 4144 44 ttl ¥4 4444 4^tt 4T4 ft^4 % 444 44 °di H 4> 44444
4341

5. t^ftTTt t^td<

44 1771 4 tt^4 % 44ttf % tt^ 444 4t4 1%44l ¥dtt 4 ^¥tt dddlt) 444 44 tt^ tt4

tdllt di %%4 4K % 444 44t4 44 7^4 441 4f t¥4 % %C % 444 44t4 44 744 44, 1%444
1t^4 t f^f %44 %4 4ft 441 %%T 4TT 1 1¥4 % t7 4T RdlO It +'41 444 t7 4i¥44l ¥4 4T4
47: dddit tt 344ft f4T 44tf% 444%?% dlHi-dd: ttf%4 ftt 47: ft djltd fttt f I 1%^4 t
^4 4t9I%ft4f %t f44 47 f%T4 t% f% % tlltd ftl 444 f%SJ4 tt44 % 444 f^f 44 44%t f?

RRdlP, &RviH % RRtRf Rt R Hdl RTI RRRT tft RTR RT f% RTRRf # ffeft tt^ R|TT R#t
pHIld |l Rf% ^RR % ^T f%R# Tt RR RT^R tM RR RTRRf # PR?fl % RTR ^FiR RR TfTT ft,

Rt rtr; rrt rMt r f%Rrr rtP % rtr rrt *tr RfTFtf^TRt ^ RR%*ft?

RR fpR?ft RRdP % RTR ^RTR RTRT RR RTFt ^RR % fR ^ff Rt (PfR% RTR RR RRtR RT 7RT
RT) 1 ftRR % fRt RT RRT RTf% % RRRT RRR RT R RTRTl RR% RR RRp RR ^ff Rt f%R# %
RT^T Rtf # RT^ft RT %RT f%RTI RTTRR R RTR^Rt RR# RRT fSf RRR RR RRR# ?fFl

RTRt RR RTR #RR R, ^RTR # RRRpRpT R Rft RRtR f#TT Rt t RtR^Rt RR#I RR RR
f^f #ftRT #1 RTTRR R RR # RtR^Rf ^ RR ft RRR RT #RR RR Rtf ## # f#R RTRRf
R R 1 # f#TT, Rt RtR^Rt RR#I

RRRT# Rt RRT f% #RR RR f#JR % #R Rtf RTRRT ftRT RTff# R# #R f#JR R # RTR
f 3fk RR “#R-f#JR” R?R % RRTTR #R RRRT Rff ft#l RR: f#R RTR# RT ^t RT
RtR^TRt # RR#I RR TR# % RR ^4lPR RR### #RT % # R#### % RT

RTRPf RRT f#TTI T#t P ojR RT RRfR R# P>d I RT RT RR RR did ^t RRR dfl RT 1%
RtR^Rff R fpRJR # RRTRKR RTRT ft# |l

RR #R##ff % # f^TvT RTRRT ^ TT# i%RT Rt ft RRRT % f% f^RR RWtf^pff t RRTR R
ftRR RT^# ^ RRTR ft ftl Rf% fRT | Rt RTRR RT^RT RR RRRtR RtR^Rff % f%RT f^R
RRTR RR^ f%RT RT RRRT ftl Rf% Rt f^fR RT^RT % #Rf Rt RtRt fXT ^ft RTR^^ft %
RRTR RT RR R% RR RRTRT Rt TRT RT% Rt RRT ftRT?

RR 1 794 R RtRRT % ^RlH lRd f^RT f% f%RT T4R % RRT f%RT RTR^^ft % fl^R RRTR ft

RRrft f I Rf% Rt f^TR # H'H'PlH RR R Rit f Rt RT^RT R TIRIRplR. RRRTR ftRT f I

RR#R RR RRf^TT RRfi% RR#R RR ^RTRR ftRT f I RRl%TT % TTRTRlpR RRRTR IPrft RT^
^ f%^R % R*rPr f I RtRf % Ttrt rt^ IP^R RR RTTT RTcft % sftr RRTRTR) RT%lRTR ft RTcft f
RdP '|R : Ct RT^ RRRt WtR RT RiRTRTR* ft RTcft f I

RtRTT P RRP RRtRt # RTft RRT RRT Rf^RRf^R RT%R # U.R.Pd RTp RR RRR f^RTI RR
1 800 R TRP RR#R RR % 1 RTRf # ^ ijft RRRT ^RTT #1 RRp RR% # Ttrt Rt TT5f>

% fTp 1 RTRt R RtRTI €tR # Rft # fTp ^RTRt ^ cftR^ ir RT% R RtRTI f^T RT¥ Rft #
cftRp t ^RT^ R RtRTI f^T €tR Rft Rt sftr RR RTf RTRT RRT RT^R Rft Rt RR% 1I RT% #
Rft^RtRTI

R^ft RT¥ # Rf^Rf R RRTRTR RT%R ^RTf^R f RT RRT R^ft €tR # Ri|Rf R RRRTRTR 3R%R
RRlf^tR fRTI Rrft RT%R ^ ^tt ^RftR fR R^ft 1 RTRff RT IpRfRT fRT RT%R

%RRT ttrt R%% ^RT% % RTRR t Rff rF^R RTI

d"Vdl ^ u d |R R RtF> %

Rr tx xRf £hr i rft ft
Rt xjT vl -*fi d iy H^l ^ £TR£ %

dK % SKI d 1 .3 1 1 TT^t Rx xf

dfdPk* fRR skT f ?TK
f xnsxnr %■ ^vFT Rd(d d lP
■rP Rt x|T dd Ipkl f 3TTI

RPR dT¥, €R sftr H Hcpid
T Tpft xf TTWrR^ dwell'd
PKd< Rcl R>, xt^t R< TX
ddkHd. 3TT%9T PKd< 3cW

Rdl TfTT cKTT ^P Rt TX
’k'JikHd. 3TT%9T ft fRRr
-3TW $)d I TRI dK % XIT&dH

Rd(d cfd' ?T^> dd I HR RR

tR rH> <WmR'+ d del Id
Ref Rfl ^ ft xx^ RR ^srf
R P41 dR R R RP XFT dk^R R “skPi” d>$l ^1 Id I R d")ed| % h Ik Rdfd sttRt 3?W d>R
^ttR hhRh f qR ^tp xdnR ft xR Rix^t Ri srck Rr “R^PR RR” ^r w
Rw+i diR'k.k xRrrqxi- ^ fRrT «ni

Re^r f ^r p R' ^ ffzgz f xn«T RrR R RR fXT R^ RR RRr f Rtt tRi R^

xdnidPd xrR ft i 3TcX: fxrRf “f^r" (static) R^ ^fTI RR xf RfR 3pf “R«TT TfXTT”
Rxtt R Rx^r # RR P fRjxr R, R xttt % xnwr % RRr ddifRi ff i ^Rr xrRf
TfR dT 7- Rd^d (electric current) 3cW fRni

3R R Rxr ^ R Rd^dld (device) f xrr>r Rxi ^R Rri ^ft xR Rktr

RRR ^pffi ^RR t^ftt ff R% xiyidRd. ds^iid R^?r ^ j?w xrR | R rrt R
xrR || rR R^r STRT R y 1-HidRd. d del Id f RR R dHdld ^R xrR ||

xr 1 800 xf ^rR %R Rtf % tt^t ^R sRr P Rgp- rRt f^f Rr wfR wi! R RR’ %
ferxx Rrt R xTf# ^ ft Rt xRf xjxt %| rR Rft strx t R w R R ’R# ^rR rR xr|f Ri

rt% dTd xr 1819 xf Rxr [PRddM Rxfe rtr tt^ Ph hR % RttRr P Rit ff Rf
cfTx R^?r ddifRi ^rtt | R ^ ^x^r R RR ^RfR ^rtt |i R^xr xR ^x^r RR w
sttw xf ^ R xrx^sr |i

^r rtt r«r % ffr% ^tr RRtR w ft r%i rr i 829 if RtRR fRft rtrr tt^ tRrpR P
r#rt f% Rfi F%rjr wffR ftft |Rt rtt # fsrft (coil) RRTft rt% Rt rhCm RTRtfR sffr

Rf^R RpFRTrft ft RTRT f I RTT # TR%R f^ft RRrft cfRTff # R|[TRR Rff| R^ R^cRH^f RT
f% RFJ°f RTT >RR if RifTT RT% RT% 1%RJR RTTT TTRT f3*ff % #R ft ^Rft fR^ft if RTT ft
RtTTf if R RT RT RTT # T(ft RRTf if WffcT ft R%l

RcfR# fRpTRt Rtf % TRt % RTff RfT R^€t Rff Rt ^MfilR Rl'+'tfui RfT srf^R
^Tt%79TTRft ft RRTI RTRtfR fprff ^ RTRFR RTRR % RTRtfR % RfR Rf&R RTI Rfc R#f RTR
RR «ft f% “R^4 m-RRR” (electro-magnet) Rt RTRRT ft rtt[ rr rr IPrt rt rrrt RTI Rfi
RR trff it RtR Rt tpR#R Rl+'^l RTTTR ft RRT, Rp Rp RTT ^^Rrf%%Rt
^FR^tR RTRrfR RR RRTI

fRft it 1-TR ft ^ft Rf^R RR RRf Rtf Rt R^Ft % TTR fpRjrffR RTRR RR RRRtR
f%RTI R^ RT RTRR % Rtf Rt fRf TRTR RT ft RT RRRI

RTRRR %TTt (Michael Faraday) RRT % spR 3 riPr it rrIrt 1% Ptr RTf f%RTT 1H+R
(magnetism) RRTR RT RRcft f, Rft RRR RTRRR RR RRRtR % f^RTT RR RRTTRR ^ ft
RRRR f I RR 1831 if RRFt RRTRT f% RR RT¥ R|T Rt TRR RTRR % fpRR I RTR Rt RTR if

F^rtt mrr rrtr ftrft f i

f%T RRFf RTR RfR Rt RTR iRR # TI^I R d I ft M 1 1 RR RR RTT % ¥RR ft RTR RTT # tpnft
Tf RR RR f%RJR RRT RRlffR ftcft Tftl %Tlt P RR RRTT % f%RJR Rt RRTR fpRT RRT
“f^cftR RRTTRR RR" RRtR ^fiffTT RT RlP'RK fpRTI

Rf f^R RRTIRR R^R tcrft # ^RRT if RRR 3^T RTRT RTI tcrft RTTT f^RTT R^ft RRTR ftcft «ft
RR fR RT¥, €tR, RTRT #tft ^TRRTR RT^f TTRTRpR Rf%1%RT# if RTR %cft r 4tl f%^R
^iPdT Rt RTR % iRR ^ RRTRTI RTR ?RR RfR% % RTFt % RRfRTR ftRT RT Rfr RR RtRRT
RfR RTRT RTI

%rri # RtR % RTR Rl%R RTRT if RTcft f%^R RRTRR ft R# RRT #R RRRT RRRtR RT R%l
RTft Rf , RtTtR fRft P %Tlt # RtR RT RTRT RT f%RTRTI %TTt P Rt ^Rcft RTR
f^RTT RRTR # «ftl fRft it RRTRT fp^R RTTT ft Rff^ # fRTRT RT RRRT f I ^R RRR RRp
pRf'F-l RtRT RT RTf^RTT f%RTI

f^RTftR RtRT # fPrft ^ RR RTTR 1%RT RT RRRT RT RRT fPrft ^ft RR ftRT RT RRRT RTI TT^
#ft Tft RtTT # R^TRRT R RT^Rf Rt IPfRT ^RTRT RT RRRT RTI RR RR Rt RPf R^R xr^

RTRRT RT% %, RR^ ^ Rf&RTR Rt f%^R RTTT f%RT RT RRRT RTI RlP'RFRI if

f^cffR RtTT RT RRRtR RR^R RTR RTp RT% RRf % RRRt if f%RTI

s •••

T —

U —

v ••• —

w*

x -*• —

Y — •

1 ••

2 ••

3 • • •

4 •••• —

6 — ••• •

7 •••

g ••

44 1844 4 ^ 44 tM 4T4 % XT5f>

4Hp+H 4lP'4>K4 % 4%44 tt^ “f44J#4
%#CrTO” 44T4TI tt^ 414 if ff4J4 4141 4Tl
4f4> 44 444 4 1 Rid 44%, P%4f 444 4«Tl-

#€f 4%f4f if 4%4f Rf ^411 ff^sff it % #ff
4#4f %f 4^4 Ml % 4c%4 444 %f 44f?T4 44%
% 1%% f%f%4 44f % R4l%44 1%41l 44 f%t 44
“%t% 444” % 4141 44, W ?TWf ff/1%4J4

# 4% (3000 f%o Tpo 4 % ifii ir %1 srte) %,

4P# ^%%f 44 %41 41 4441 %#CT1R % 4T41
4%$ff 4% M4I + % 44 iPPPMdi) 44 1/60 %44 %
%t 4R 444 if %41 41 4441

44 1 876 if 4%4%4T 41|f4 %4 -M % 4f4f%4-
4Hp+H 4lP)'4.IM. % TT^ f%f% P4>P)d #1 44%
4in f^?r mrr 4% 44 %i j 4441 wt 44% ?4f%
d<% TcW %f 41 'H'Pi I 44 4R %t P^OPld 44

44 1 879 if 4(44 4441 M.P’Hd 414 % 4Hp+H
3ilf%4>K4 % 44%4 % 41% % 41?44 %, 4 K'Pd
44 %4 414 4 f%4J4 4141 4dlffd 44% %f f%f%
wr^fh f%gj4 mn % 44%4 % m% %f 44 44 44
f%41 44 44 f% 4^ 4%4 44 ft44 44441 7741
"Pdd % “f%44 4444 ” (electric light) 44

444414 444

f44J4 44 44444 444 fl 7[4 4444 444T4 14
44%, 44 44%, 441 44%, 4% 44%, 4444 41%
% %% 44 44% fl 4444 444)4 ill4l%H,

41% %f 44% if %t 444 |l
44 %tf 44 4%f fl 4% 4% <

'■*■1