dfnmcll Hniueraitij ffiihrarg iltljaca. &ero lark BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE FISKE ENDOWMENT FUND THE BEQUESTOF WILLARD FISKE LIBRARIAN OF THE UNIVERSITY 1868-1B83 1905 V- - oAf E DUE i Uav A V * yiHi * 4 j^| AUG 9 ; m\\\ "V AUG i 1979 ^1 ' m i s \m ''• *r. ' ALBE RETU] RT R. M, ITHAC IN TO .- . . ' \NN LIBRARY A, N. Y. QL 726.B86 rne " Universi,yLibra 'T Ca !™2 9ue °"he r The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003031220 CATALOGUE OF THE MAMMALS OF WESTERN EUROPE (EUROPE EXCLUSIVE OF RUSSIA) IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM BY GEEEIT S. MILLEE LONDON PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM SOLD BY Longmans, Green & Co., 39, Patebnobteb Row, E.C. B. Quabitch, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. Dulau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W. AND AT THE British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. 1912 All rights reserved qL B56 "j> '9? A, 311151 LONDON : PRINTED BT WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LI5IITED, DOKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. V>3 PREFACE Although the idea of a publication on the Mammals of Europe was suggested many years ago by the late Lord Lilford, who kindly contributed an annual sum towards the collecting necessary for its realization, the possibility of issuing the present Catalogue has mainly grown up from the work which its author, Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, of the United States National Museum at Washington, has for some years been doing independently on the subject. It is true that European Mammals had not been neglected here, and that the collection had begun to grow, both by the help of the Lilford Fund and by the efforts of Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton, who published many papers on the subject, and of Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.E.S., who devoted a number of his vacations to collecting in various parts of the Continent. There was, however, no prospect of being in a position to prepare a Catalogue until about 1905, when Mr. Miller arranged to devote his entire time for a considerable period to the study of European Mammals. The opportunity was taken of having the results of this work published here instead of in America, by inducing him to write a British Museum Catalogue ; thus utilizing his knowledge, and com- bining for the purposes of his studies the material of both the American and the British National Museums. Collections were then made in various selected areas, partly by Mr. Miller himself and partly by trained collectors, such as Messrs. A. Eobert, C. Mottaz, Bev. S. Gonzalez and N. Gonzalez, the cost of whose services were contributed by friends of the Museum, notably Mr. Oldfield Thomas, the Hon. N. C. Eothschild and Mr. J. I. S. Whitaker. The Catalogue could hardly have been contemplated if it had not been for Mr. Thomas' unremitting efforts in developing the collection. He has not merely regarded these efforts as an official duty, but he has in addition been a generous donor who has frequently supplied funds for the purpose of obtaining specimens. Mr. Miller has thus had at his disposal a collection fairly representative of all parts of Western Europe, and immensely superior to anything that had been thought of before he began his work. Marine Mammals (Cetacea and Pinnipedia) are not included in the present Catalogue. For a definition of " Western Europe " reference must be made to page vii of the Author's Introduction. As Mr. Miller is on the staff of the United States National Museum the special and cordial thanks of the Trustees of the British Museum are due to the authorities of the former Institution for the facilities granted to him for carrying through the preparation of the Catalogue, a work which involved a furlough of two years and a half from his usual duties at Washington. The thanks of the Trustees are also due to Mrs. Oldfield Thomas and to Mr. E. C. Wroughton for their kindness in undertaking the considerable labour of preparing and verifying the lists of the specimens in the Museum collection after Mr. Miller had made his scientific determinations. SIDNEY F. HAEMEE, Keeper of Zoology. British Museum (Natural History), London, S.W. October, 1912. INTKODUCTION The collection of European Land-mammals in the British Museum consists of about live thousand specimens. One hundred and twenty -four of these are types. It has for the most part been brought together during the past thirty years through the efforts of the late Lord Lilford, of Mr. Oldfield Thomas, and of Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton. The older material, though not extensive, includes much that is of historic interest, s^uch as the numerous specimens received from the late Baron E. de Selys-Longchamps, the types of various species described by Gray and Bonaparte, and Darwin's Porto Santo rabbits which have been the subject of so much groundless speculation. It is, however, from the recently-obtained material that the collection derives its true value. These specimens are almost without exception carefully-prepared skins accompanied by skulls and measurements, together with full records of sex, date, and exact locality. The more important sources from which they were obtained are as follows : collections brought together by Professor W. Wolterstorff from central and eastern Germany, and presented by the late Lord Lilford ; collections made in Roumania by the late E. Dodson under the direction of Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton, and presented by the late Lord Lilford ; material from southern Spain presented by the late Lord Lilford ; extensive collections made in south-western France, in southern Italy and in Sicily by A. Robert and presented by Mr. Oldfield Thomas ; collections from south- central France and the vicinity of Strassburg, Germany, made by C. Mottaz and presented by Mr. O. Thomas ; small collections from Denmark, Holland, Pas-de-Calais, Brittany, Portugal, the Balearic Islands, Switzerland and northern Italy, made and presented by Mr. O. Thomas ; collection from central and northern Spain made by N. Gonzalez and presented by Mr. O. Thomas ; a large collection from miscellaneous sources brought together and presented by Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton ; a collection from Greece made by C. Mottaz and presented by INTRODUCTION Mr. J. I. S. Whitaker and the Hon. N. C. Rothschild; a collection from Spain and southern France made by G. S. Miller and purchased by the Museum ; several collections from Transylvania made by C. G. Danford ; collections from Hungary made and presented by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild and Mrs. Rothschild ; smaller collections and single specimens have been received from many other persons,* whose names will be found in the detailed lists of material in this Catalogue. Although unquestionably forming the largest of all collections of European mammals the material in the British Museum is not sufficient to be made the basis of a monographic study of the fauna. Free use has, therefore, been made, throughout the preparation of this Catalogue, of specimens in other collections. Chief among these are the United States National Museum in Washington and the private collection of Charles Mottaz in Geneva. The material at Washington, about 4000 specimens, is mostly from the following sources : (a) Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and Belgium, collected by J. Alden Loring ; (6) Sicily, Italy and the region of Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes, France, by Dane Coolidge ; (c) south-western France, by Robert T. Young ; (d) north-eastern Germany, the Riesengebirge and Harz Mountains, by F. L. J. Boettcher. There are also miscellaneous smaller collections from Switzerland (G. S. Miller, L. Stejneger, E. H. Zollikofer), Belgium (de Selys-Longchamps), Holland (G. S. Miller), Denmark (L. Stejneger), Norway (T. Stejneger) and Sweden (Sundevall, Tullberg, Lonnberg). Finally, the Merriam collection, now the property of the U.S. National Museum but not yet catalogued, contains numerous European specimens, for the most part received from de Selys-Longchamps. The Mottaz collection, about 3000 specimens, is especially rich in series of the smaller mammals of Switzerland and the adjoin- ing portions of France ; it also contains useful material from Italy and western France (Charente). Other supplemental material to which I have been given free access, or which has been sent for examination in London or Washington, is contained in the museums of Madrid (types of Cabrera), Nimes (types of Crespon), Paris (types of Geoffroy and other historic speci- mens), Genoa (Italian Bats, Microtines and Ungulates), Turin (Italian mammals, especially Ungulates), Naples (type of Myotis oxygnathus Monticelli), Geneva (types of Fatio, authentic Swiss * This is particularly true of the many friends of the Museum who have aided in procuring the large series of British mammals. INTRODUCTION specimens of Lynx), Lausanne Agricultural School (skull of Ursus "formicarius " from the Alps), Munich (type of Spalax grzecus Nehring), Berlin Agricultural High School (type of Arvicola ratticeps stimmingi Nehring), Breslau (skulls of foxes), Leiden (co-types of Arvicola arenarius de Selys-Longchamps), Copenhagen (Mus fseroensis and small carnivores), Christiania (Sorex, Evotomys, etc.), Stockholm (Swedish carnivores and rodents), Cambridge (Mustela erminea ricinse, Lemrnus lemmus " crassidens ") and Edinburgh (rodents from northern Scotland). Private collections which have been in the same generous manner placed at my disposal are those of Mr. Angel Cabrera, of Madrid (Spanish mammals, including several types), Dr. Enrico Festa, of Turin (Italian mammals), Mr. Angelo Ghidini, of Geneva (Swiss and north Italian mammals), and Dr. Fernand Lataste, of Cadillac-sur-Garonne, France (carnivores and micro- tines). The total number of specimens on which this work is based approximates 11,500. All those of which definite record has been made are enumerated in the paragraphs headed : Specimens examined.* Absence of a note to the contrary indicates that all the specimens from a given locality are in the British Museum. Discrepancies frequently occur between the number of " specimens examined " and the number tabulated in the final paragraph as forming part of the Museum collection. These result from the fact that under " specimens examined " are included duplicates as well as registered specimens, while only the latter appear in the final lists.! For the purposes of this Catalogue, "Western Europe" is regarded as including the continent of Europe outside the frontiers of Russia; also the immediately adjacent islands, and Spitzbergen, Iceland, and the Azores. The members of the living mammal fauna of this region, exclusive of the cetaceans, pinnipeds, and species such as Bubalus bubalis in Italy and Simla sylvanus % on the Rock of Gibraltar, which certainly owe * In these lists 11,372 specimens are recorded. They are distributed as follows : Inseotivora, 1,777 ; Chiroptera, 2,210 ; Carnivora, 877 ; Kodentia Duplieidentata, 379, Rodentia Simplioidentata, 5,854 ; Ungulata, 284. t Certain duplicates have been transferred to the United States National Museum since the lists of " specimens examined " were prepared. No attempt has been made to alter the records in the lists on this account ; but the U.S.N.M. numbers of such specimens are frequently to be found in the Tables of cranial measurements. (All numbers above 10,000 indicate specimens in Washington.) X For use of this name in place of " Macacus inuus," see Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, pp. 125-126, March, 1911. INTRODUCTION their presence to artificial introduction, are treated mono- graphically on the basis of the material already enumerated. This material has been found sufficient, in most of the groups, to give what appears to be a fairly satisfactory idea of the essential features of the fauna. In the ungulates and the larger car- nivores, however, it is so totally inadequate that no attempt could be made to revise the genera by which they are repre- sented. This is especially to be regretted on account of the fact that some of these larger mammals are nearly extinct, while others are being modified by the introduction of foreign stock to replenish exhausted game preserves. Immediate action is necessary if the final opportunity to gain a clear understanding of this part of the European fauna is not to be lost. The literature of European mammals is so voluminous, particularly as regards local lists and special notes on distri- bution, and it is for the most part based on conceptions of species and local races so different from those underlying the present work, that an amount of labour incommensurate with the importance of the results would be required to prepare extended bibliographical Tables for each form recognized. The citations are, therefore, restricted to those which seem of impor- tance in giving a clear idea of the systematic history of each animal ; that is, to the specific and sub-specific names under which it may have been described, to the first use of the actual binomial or trinomial here adopted, to the names used in the monographic works of Blasius, 1857, and Trouessart, 1910, and to any other publication which might seem pertinent to a particular case. In deciding questions of nomenclature, an attempt has been made to apply the International Code and the rulings of the Commission strictly and consistently, even to the reluctant acceptance of the terms applied to genera by authors who followed a system different from that now in use. With the exception of figure 121, lent by the Smithsonian Institution, all the illustrations are original. The drawings of teeth were made in London by Mr. A. J. Engel Terzi ; part of those of the skulls were made by Mr. Terzi ; the rest were done in Washington by Mr. H. B. Bradford. A few words in conclusion regarding the actual making of the manuscript. I prepared all the descriptions, synonymies, lists of specimens examined, and Tables of cranial measurements. The external measurements, which are not to be regarded as INTRODUCTION i x more than approximately accurate, are mostly given as recorded on the labels, though much verification and correction for ears and hind feet has been done from the dried specimens. In order to economize time, the records of registered material were made directly from the specimens which I had identified. Mrs. Oldfield Thomas and Mr. R. C. Wroughton carried out this portion of the work. G. S. M. Washington, 1, 1912. Order. Number of genera recognized. Number of forms recognized. Number of forms not represented in B.M. Number of recognized forms not seen. Insbctivora 7 45 5 Chiroptera 10 33 Oarnivora 15 47 1 EODENTIA DUPDICIDENTATA 2 19 1 „ SlMFI/ICIDENTATA 26 139 6 2 Ungulata 9 31 9 4 Total 69 314 22 6 SYSTEMATIC INDEX ORDER INSECTIVORA. Family TALPID^E . . . 2 Sub-Family 1. Talpin^e . . 2 1. Talpa Linnaeus 3 1. europaea Linnseus . 3 2. caeca Savi .... . 15 3. oocidentalia Cabrera . . 15 4. romana Thomas . 18 Sub-Family 2. Desmanum . . 20 1. Galemys Kaup . 20 1. pyrenaious Geofiroy . . 21 a. pyrenaicus Geofiroy . 26 6. rufulus Graells . . 26 Family SORICIDiE . . . . 28 1. Sorex Linnseus . 29 1. araneus Linnaeus . . 31 a. araneus Linnaeus . 35 b. castaneus Jenyns . 37 c. santonus Mottaz . 40 d. euronotus Miller . 41 e. bergensis Miller . . 41 /. tetragonurus Hermann . 42 g. pyrenaious Miller . 44 h, fretalis Miller 45 i. granarius Miller . 52 2. minutus Linnaeus . 53 a. minutus Linnaeus . 55 b. luoanius Miller 60 3. alpinus Schinz . 60 a. alpinus Schinz 62 6. heroynious Miller 63 2. Neomys Kaup .... 65 1. fodiens Sohreber 66 a. fodiens Sohreber. 69 b. bioolor Shaw . 73 2. milleri Mottaz . 78 3. anomalus Cabrera . '81 3. Paohyura de Selys-Long champs 81 1. etrusca Savi. 83 4. Crocidura Wagler. 86 1. leucodon Hermann 88 2. mimula Miller . . . . 94 a. mimula Miller . 95 6. iculisma Mottaz . 98 c. cantabra Cabrera 99 PAGE 3. russula Hermann ... 99 a. russula Hermann . . 101 b. pulchra Cabrera . . . 103 c. eintrae Miller. . . . 108 4. sicula Miller .... 108 5. caneae Miller .... 109 6. caudata Miller .... 110 7. cyrnensis Miller . . . Ill 8. balearica Miller . . . 112 Family ERINACEIDiE ... 114 1. Erinaceus Linnaeus . . . 114 1. europaeus Linnaeus . . . 115 a. europaeus Linnaeus . . 120 6. hispanicus Barrett- Hamilton 122 c, italicus Barrett-Hamil- ton .. . ... 123 d. consolei Barrett-Hamil- ton 126 2. roumanicus Barrett- Hamilton 127 3. nesiotes Bate .... 129 4. algirus Duvernoy and Lereboullet .... 130 a. algirus Duvernoy and Lereboullet .... 131 b. vagans Thomas . . . 133 ORDER CHIR0PTERA. Sub-Obdeb microchiroptera. Family RHINOLOPHEDiE . . 136 1. Rhinolophus Lacepede . . 137 1. ferrum-equinum Sohreber 139 a. ferrum-equinum Sohre- ber 142 6. insulanus Barrett- Hamilton 147 2. hipposideros Bechstein . 147 a. hipposideros Bechstein . 149 6. minimus Heuglin . c. minutus Montagu . 3. euryale Blasius . 4. mehelyi Matsohie . 151 154 155 159 5. blasii Peters 162 SYSTEMATIC INDEX Order Chieoptera — Sub - Order MlCROCHIEOPTEBA — COlltd. Family VESPERTILIONIDiE . 165 SUB-FAMILY VeSPEBTILIONIM! . 1. Myotis Kaup . . 1. mystacinus Kuhl 2. nattereri Kuhl . 3. emarginatus Geoffroy . 4. bechsteinii Kuhl 5. daubentonii Kuhl . 6. capaccinii Bonaparte . 7. dasyoneme Boie 8. myotis Borkhausen 9. oxygnathus Montioelli 2. Pipistrellus Kaup 1. pipistrellus Schreber . 2. nathusii Keyserling and Blasius 3. kuhlii Kuhl . . . . 4. savii Bonaparte . 3. Eptesious Rafinesque 1. serotinus Schreber 2. sodalis Barrett-Hamilton. 3. nilssonii Keyserling and Blasius 4. Vespertilio Linnaeus . 1. murinus Linnaeus . 5. Nyctalus Bowdich 1. maximus Patio. 2. nootula Schreber 3. leisleri Kuhl 4. azoreum Thomas 6. Pleootus Geoffroy . 1. auritus Linnaeus 7. Barhastella Gray . 1. barbastellus Schreber Sub-Family Miniopteein^j: 1. Miniopterus Bonaparte 1. schreibersii Kuhl Family MOLOSSIDiE . 1. Nyctinomus Geoffroy 1. teniotis Rafinesque ORDER CARNIVORA. 165 166 169 174 177 179 184 187 189 192 199 202 204 213 215 219 224 226 231 234 238 238 242 244 245 252 254 256 256 263 263 268 208 269 276 276 277 Family URSID-&! . 284 1. Ursus Linnaeus 285 1. arctos Linnaeus . 285 2. Thalarctos Gray . 297 1. maritimus Phipps . 298 Family CANEDiE . . . 303 1. Oanis Linnaaus 304 1. lupus Linnaeus . 305 a. lupus Linnaeus . 313 b. signatus Cabrera 314 c. deitanus Cabrera 315 2. aureus Linnaeus 315 paob 2. Alopex Kaup . . . 318 1. lagopus Linnasus . . . 319 2. spitzbergenensis Barrett- Hamilton and Bonhote . 324 3. Vulpes Oken 325 1. vulpes Linnaeus . . . 326 a. vulpes Linnaeus . . . 330 b. crucigera Bechstein . . 331 c. silacea Miller .... 333 2. ichnusae Miller . . 336 Family MUSTELID^l ... 340 Sub-Family Melin.33 . 341 1. Meles Brisson. . . ". 341 1. meles Linnaeus . . 343 a. meles Linnaeus . . . 348 6. marianensis Graells. . 352 2. arcalus Miller .... 352 Sub-Family Luteins .... 354 1. Lutra Brisson . . . . 354 1. lutra Linnaeus . . 355 Sub-Family Mustelines . . . 364 1. Martes Pinel ... .365 1. martes Linnseus . . 366 a. martes Linnaeus . . 372 6. latinorum Barrett-Ha- milton 373 2. foina Erxleben . . .374 a. foina Erxleben . . . 375 b. mediterranea Barrett- Hamilton 380 3. bunites Bate . . . 380 2. Mustela Linnaeus. . . . 381 Sub-genus Mustela Linnaeus . 384 1. erminea Linnasus . . . 385 a. erminea Linnaeus . » . 387 b. sestivaKerr .... 389 c. stabilis Barrett-Hamil- ton 390 d. ricinae Miller . . .397 2. hibernica Thomas and Barrett-Hamilton . . 398 3. nivalis Linnaeus . . 401 a. nivalis Linnaeus . . . 402 b. boccamela Bechstein . 405 u. iberica Barrett-Hamilton 407 4. africana Desmarest . . 412 5. galinthias Bate . . . 414 Sub-Genus Lutreola Wagner . 415 6. lutreola Linnaeus . . . 415 Sub-Genus Putorius Cuvier . 418 7. putorius Linnaeus . . 419 a. putorius Linnseus . . 423 b. aureolus Barrett-Hamil- ton 425 3. Vormela W. Blasius ... 428 1. peregusna Gueldenstaedt . 429 Sub-Family Guloninje . . 432 1. Gulo Storr 433 1. gulo Linnaeus . . 434 SYSTEMATIC INDEX Order Carnivora — continued. Family VIVERRIDjE . . . 1. Mungos Geoffroy and Cuvier 1. widdringtonii Gray 2. Genetta Oken . 1. genetta Linnaeus . a. genetta Linnaeus 6. balearica Thomas c. rhodanica Matsehie Family FELID^l . . . 1. Felis Linnaeus. 1. silvestris Sohreber . a. silvestris Sohreber 6. grampia Miller . c. tartessia Miller 2. sarda Lataste . 3. agrius Bate . 2. Lynx Kerr .... 1. lynx Linnaeus . 2. pardellus Miller 440 440 441 446 447 451 452 452 455 456 457 462 464 465 468 470 470 471 475 ORDER RODENTIA. Sub-Obdbb duplicidentata. Family LEPORIDiE .... 484 1. Oryetolagus Lilljeborg . . 484 1. eunioulus Linnaeus . 485 a. eunioulus Linnaeus . . 490 o. huxleyi Haeokel . . . 491 2. Lepus Linnaeus .... 495 1. europaeus Pallas . . 498 a. europaeus Pallas. . . 502 b. oooidentalis de Winton. 504 c. pyrenaious Hilzheimer . 506 d. meridiei Hilzheimer . 506 e. oorsioanus de Winton . 507 /. hybridus Desmarest . . 508 g. transsylvanicus Mat- sehie 509 2. cretious Barrett-Hamilton 512 3. mediterraneus Wagner . 513 4. granatensis Rosenhauer . 515 a. granatensis Rosenhauer 516 6. gallaecius Miller ... 517 c. iturissius Miller . . . 518 d. parnassius Miller . . 519 5. timidus Linnaeus . . . 522 a. timidus Linnaeus . 526 b. varronis Miller . . . 528 c. seotious Hilzheimer. . 529 6. hibernicus Bell. . . . 531 Sub-Oedeb SIMPLICIDENTATA. Family ZAPODIDiE .... 535 Sub-Family Sicistin.^ 1. Sicista Gray . 1. loriger Nathusius 2. trizona Petenyi . 536 536 537 539 Family HYSTRICIDiE 1. Hystrix Linnaeus .... 1. cristata Linnaeus . Family MUSCARDINIDiE . . 1. Eliomys Wagner .... 1. queroinus Linnaeus 2. gymnesieus Thomas . 3. pallidus Barrett-Hamilton 4. sardus Barrett-Hamilton . 5. lusitanious Reuvens . 2. Dyromys Thomas. 1. nitedula Pallas . a. nitedula Pallas . 6. intermedius Nehring . c. wingei Nehring . 2. robustus Miller. 3. Glis Brisson 1. glis Linnaeus .... a. glis Linnaeus .... 6. italious Barrett-Hamil- ton c. melonii Thomas . d. pyrenaicus Cabrera . 4. Muscardinus Kaup . 1. avellanarius Linnaeus . 2. pulcher Barrett-Hamilton Family MURID.S3 .... Sub-Family Cbicetin^; . 1. Crioetulus Milne-Edwards . 1. atticus Nehring . . 2. Crieetus Leske .... 1. erioetus Linnaeus . a. crieetus Linnaeus b. oanesoens Nehring . c. nehringi Matsohie . 3. Mesooricetus Nehring . 1. newtoni Nehring . Sub-Family Micbotinje 1. Myopus Miller .... 1. schisticolor Lilljeborg. 2. Lemmas Link 1. lemmus Linnaeus . 3. Evotomys Coues . 1. glareolus Sohreber . a. glareolus Sohreber 6. britannious Miller sueoious Miller . isterious Miller . norvegious Miller vaseoniae Miller . helvetious Miller h. nageri Sohinz i. hallucalis Thomas 2. skomerensis Barrett milton .... 3. oaesarius Miller . 4. rutilus Pallas . 5. rufooanus Sundevall c. d. e. /■ Ha- paoe 542 542 543 549 550 551 558 559 560 560 566 567 568 569 570 572 572 573 577 578 579 582 583 583 590 591 592 593 593 596 597 602 603 605 605 606 610 611 611 614 615 623 626 632 634 636 637 638 639 640 641 643 644 645 646 648 SYSTEMATIC INDEX Order Kodentia — Sub - Order Simplictdentata — Family Mubid-e — Sub-Pamily Mi- cbotin-se —continued. 4. Miorotus Schrank . . . 658 Sub-Genus Miorotus Schrank 659 1. agrestis Linnaeus . . . 662 a. agrestis Linnseus . . 668 b. exsul Miller .... 669 c. levernedii Crespon . . 671 d. bailloni de Selys-Long- ohamps 672 e. airbus Bellamy . . 673 /. negleotus Jenyns . . . 675 g. rozianus Bocage . . . 680 2. arvalis Pallas . . . 681 a. arvalis Pallas . . . 683 b. meridianus Pallas . . 686 c. duplioatus Rorig and Borner .... 686 d. levis Miller .... 687 3. incertus de Selys - Long- champs 690 4. asturianus Miller . . . 693 5. orcadensis Millais . . . 694 6. sandayensis Millais . . 696 a. sandayensis Millais . . 697 b. westrse Miller . 698 7. sarnius Miller , . . 700 8. eabrerse Thomas . . . 701 9. dentatus Miller. ... 703 10. hartingi Barrett-Hamilton 704 11. angularis Miller . . . 706 12. ratticeps Keyserling and Blasius. . ... 708 Sub-Genus Chionomys Miller 712 13. nivalis Martins ... 713 a. nivalis Martins . . . 716 b. aguitanius Miller . . 717 14. lebrunii Orespon . . 718 a. lebrunii Crespon. . 719 o. leueurus Gertie . . 722 15. ulpius Miller ... 723 5. Arvicola Lacepede . . . 723 1. amphibius Linnseus . . 725 a. amphibius Linnaeus . 730 b. reta Miller . 732 2. sapidus Miller . . . 732 a. sapidus Miller . . . 733 b. tenebrieus Miller . . 735 3. terrestris Linnseus. . 738 4. italicus Savi 740 5. illyricus Barrett-Hamilton 741 6. musignani de Selys-Long- champs . . . 744 7. scherman Shaw . 744 a. scherman Shaw . . 745 6. exitus Miller .... 746 c. monticola de Selys- Longchamps .... 749 6. Pitymys McMurtrie . . . 752 1. subterraneus de Selys- Longchamps .... 755 a. subterraneus de Selys- Longchamps .... 758 6. capucinus Miller 760 2. daeius Miller 760 3. druentius Miller 762 4. fatioi Mottaz .... 763 5. multiplex Patio 764 6. savii de Selys-Longehamps 768 7. nebrodensis Mina-Palumbo 770 8. pyrenaicus de Selys-Long- champs 770 a. pyrenaicus de Selys- Longchamps .... 771 6. brunneus Miller . 772 9. planiceps Miller . 772 10. gerbii Gerbe .... 773 11. lusitanicus Gerbe. 776 12. marise Major .... 777 13. pelandonius Miller . 778 14. depressus Miller 779 15. ibericus Gerbe 780 a. ibericus Gerbe . 782 6. centralis Miller 782 c. pascuus Miller . 783 d. regulus Miller 784 16. duodecimcostatus de Selys-Longchamps 784 17. provincialis Miller 785 18. thomasi Barrett-Hamil- 786 19. atticus Miller . 787 Sub-Family Musing . 791 1. Apodemus Kaup . 791 1. epimelas Nehring . 794 2. sylvaticus Linnseus 797 a. sylvaticus Linnseus . 803 6. callipides Cabrera 809 c. dichrurus Rafinesque . 810 d. creticus Miller . 813 3. hebridensis de Winton 824 4. hirtensis Barrett-Hamil- ton .... 825 5. fridariensis Kinnear . 825 6. flavicollis Melchior 828 a. flavicollis Melchior . 829 b. wintoni Barrett-Hamil- ton . 831 7. agrarius Pallas .... 836 2. Micromys Dehne . 840 1. minutus Pallas . 841 a. soricinus Hermann . 844 6. pratensis Ockskay . 846 3. Epimys Trouessart . 848 1. rattus Linnseus . 849 a. rattus Linnseus . 853 6. alexandrinus Geofiroy . 854 2. norvegicus Erxleben . 858 SYSTEMATIC INDEX Order Rodentia — Sub - Order Sihplicidentata — Family Mubid^; — Sub-Family Mu- BiNai — continued. 4. Mus Linnaeus 863 1. musculus Linnaeus . . 865 a. musculus Linnaeus . . 869 6. azorious Schinz . . . 871 2. muralis Barrett-Hamilton 874 3. faeroensis Clarke . . . 875 4. spioilegus Petenyi . . 877 a. spioilegus Petenyi . 878 6. hispanicus Miller . . 879 c. lusitanious Miller . 882 5. Aoomys Geoffroy . . . 883 1. minous Bate .... 883 Family SPALACIDJE ... 887 1. Spalax Gueldenstaedt . . 887 1. dolbrogeae Miller ... 889 2. hungaricus Nehring . . 894 3. graeous Nehring . . . 895 Family SCIURIDiE .... 897 1. Sciurus Linnaeus .... 898 1. vulgaris Linnaeus . . . 898 a. vulgaris Linnaeus . . 905 6. varius Gmelin . . . 906 c. leucourus Kerr . . . 907 d. russus Miller. ... 909 e. fuscoater Altum . . . 910 /. italious Bonaparte . . 912 g. lilaeus Miller .... 913 h. alpinus Desmarest . 914 i. numantius Miller . . 914 j. infuscatus Cabrera . 916 k. segurae Miller . . . 917 I. baetious Cabrera . . . 923 2. Citellus Oken 924 1. citellus Linnaeus . . . 924 2. suslica Gueldenstaedt . . 929 3. Marmota Blumenbach . . 931 1. marmota Linnaeus . . 932 2. bobak Miiller .... 937 Family PETAUBJSTID^ . . 940 1. Sciuropterus F. Cuvier . 941 1. russicus Tiedemann . . 941 Family CASTORIDJE ... 947 1. Castor Linnaeus .... 947 1. fiber Linnaeus .... 947 OBDEB UNGULATA PAGE Family SUIDjE 956 1. Sus Linnaeus 956 1. scrofa Linnaeus. . . 957 [attila Thomas] .... 960 2. meridionalis Major . . 960 Family CERVIDiE .... 1. Cervus Linnaeus . 1. elaphus Linnaeus . a. germanicus Desmarest . b. elaphus Linnaeus c. atlanticus Lonnberg d. scoticus Lonnberg . e. hispanicus Hilzheimer . /. corsicanus Erxleben. 2. Dama Hamilton Smith 1. dama Linnaeus . 3. Gapreolus Gray . 1. capreolus Linnaeus . a. capreolus Linnaeus . b. transsylvanicus Matschie c. canus Miller .... d. thotti Lonnberg. 4. Alces Gray 1. alces Linnaeus .... 5. Bangifer Hamilton Smith . 1. tarandus Linnaeus . 2. f ennicus Lonnberg . 3. platyrhynchus Vrolik . Family BOVID.-E .... 1. Ovis Linnaeus 1. musimon Pallas 2. Capra Linnaeus . 1. ibex Linnaeus 2. pyrenaica Schinz . a. pyrenaica Schinz b. lusitanica Franca . c. victoriae Cabrera. d. hispanica Schimper . 3. aegagrus Erxleben 3. Rupricapra Blainville 1. rupicapra Linnaeus 2. ornata Neumann . 3. pyrenaica Bonaparte . 4. parva Cabrera 962 963 964 965 967 967 968 969 969 970 970 972 973 974 975 975 975 976 978 979 980 981 9S5 986 986 987 988 989 989 990 991 991 991 992 992 993 994 995 995 APPENDIX. Crocidura ichnusae Festa . . . 998 Evotomys glareolus norvegicus — cranial measurements . . . 999 Spalax — Forms recognized by Mehely 1000 CATALOGUE OP THE LAND-MAMMALS OF WESTERN EUROPE. I Order INSECTIVORA. 1827. Insectivora Gray, Griffith's Guvier, Anim. Kingd., v, p. 100. Geographical distribution. — Africa (including Madagascar), Europe, Asia (including the Malay Archipelago), North America, Greater Antilles, and extreme north-western portion of South America. Characters. — Terrestrial, non volant, placental mammals with low development of brain, the cerebral hemispheres without convolutions ; teeth of a primitive or modified tuberculo-sectorial type, the posterior upper premolar and anterior lower molar never specially modified as carnassials. Remarks. — The mammals of this order present such diversity of form and structure that it is difficult to frame any definition by which all members of the group may be invariably recognized by skeletal or external characters. Ten families of Insectivora are currently recognized, three of them occurring in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FAMILIES OP INSECTIVORA. Dentition of a semi-crushing type : first and second upper molars with four subequal cusps, their styles and commissures rudimentary ; sutures in skull persistent ; a large external pterygoid plate ; zygo- matic arch complete, heavy. (In European species back covered with spines.) (Hedgehogs) Erinaceidx, p. 114. Dentition of a strictly sectorial type : first and second upper molars with three or four cusps strongly contrasted in size, their styles and commissures highly developed and forming an important func- tional part of tooth ; sutures in skull mostly dis- appearing early in life ; no external pterygoid plate ; zygomatic arch slender or incomplete. (Back covered with soft, dense fur.) Anterior lower incisor greatly elongated in axis of jaw; mandibular articulation double ; zygoma absent ; floor of brain-case with large lateral vacuities ; no auditory bulla ; general form mouse-like, the neck evident; external ear present (Shrews) Soricidas, p. 28. B £ INSECTIVORA Anterior lower incisor not elongated in axis of jaw ; mandibular articulation single (normal) ; zygoma present ; floor of brain-case bony throughout ; a small auditory bulla ; general form not mouse- like, the neck concealed between the greatly enlarged shoulders ; no external ear (Moles and Desmans) Talpidse, p. 2. Teeth in front of molars sharply differentiated by form into incisors, canines and premolars, the upper incisors small, sub-equal ; front feet highly modified for burrowing, the palms everted ; tail scarcely as long as head (Moles) Talpinte, p. 2. Teeth in front of molars not differentiated by form into incisors, canines and premolars, the inner upper incisor greatly enlarged, vertical, trenchant ; front feet not modified for burrow- ing (habits aquatic), the palms in normal position ; tail (in European members of the group) longer than head and body (Desmans) Desmaninx, p. 20. Family TALPIDEE. 1825. Talpidse Gray, Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, xxvi, p. 339. Geographical distribution. — North temperate portions of Old and New Worlds ; in Europe south to the Mediterranean coast and west to England. Characters. — Skull long and narrow, strongly tapering an- teriorly, most of its sutures disappearing early in life ; zygomatic arch complete, slender ; floor of brain-case completely ossified ; tympanic bone attached to skull, forming a flattened bulla ; mandible with single articulation, the glenoid surface normal ; no external pterygoid plate ; crowns of upper molars low, much narrower internally than externally, the paracone and metacone near middle of crown, the commissures and styles well developed and forming with corresponding portions of lower teeth an effective cutting apparatus ; body heavy, cylindrical, the short neck concealed between the greatly developed shoulders ; eye minute, often covered by the integument ; snout much elongated, terete or depressed ; no external ear. Remarks. — The members of the family Talpidse are at once recognizable among European mammals by the great development of the shoulder girdle and apparent absence of neck, the auditory orifice seeming to lie at the shoulder. Though excessively modified in general form the Talpidse are much less specialized than the Soricidse in the more fundamental characters of skull and teeth. The family is divisible into several very distinct groups or sub- families, two of which are represented in Europe. In one of these the animals are specially adapted to subterranean habits ; in the other they are modified for aquatic life. Sub-Family TALPINTE. Geographical distribution. — Temperate portions of Europe and Asia, from England to Japan : in Europe south to the Mediter- ranean coast. Characters. — Teeth in front of molars sharply differentiated by form into incisors, canines, and premolars, the incisors, both above and below, small, sub-equal, chisel-shaped, the upper canine large, strongly trenchant ; external form highly modified for subterranean life, the greatly enlarged orbicular front feet with palms permanently turned outward, the hind feet much smaller, not peculiar in form ; tail short ; muzzle terete. Remarks. — This group, composed of the true moles of the Old World, and specially characterized by the relatively primi- tive condition of the anterior teeth, is represented by four or five genera, one of which occurs in Europe. Genus TALPA Linnaeus. 1758. Talpa Linnseus, Syst. Nat., i, 10th ed., p. 52. Type species. — Talpa europsea Linnseus. Geographical distribution. — Europe and western and central Asia. Eastern limits of range not known. Characters. — Dental formula : i ,-Ej, c j5j, pin jtj, m ^ 3 = 44. Upper premolars small, distinctly spaced, showing no tendency to become imbricated. Lower canine slightly but evidently differentiated from incisors in size and form ; auditory bulla very slightly inflated, its outlines usually indistinct, the meatus small, sub-circular ; external form strictly talpine ; ear-conch absent ; eye minute, often covered by the skin. Remarks. — The genus Talpa contains half a dozen or more species. Pour of these occur in Europe, one of them generally distributed, the three others confined to the Mediterranean region. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OE TALPA. Greatest diameter of m 1 about 4 mm. ; three lower molars together about 8 mm. (vicinity of Borne) T. romana, p. 18. Greatest diameter of m l about 3 mm. ; three lower molars together about 7 mm. or less. Oondylobasal length of skull 33 to 37 mm. (dis- tribution general) T. europsea, p. 3. Oondylobasal length of skull 29 to 32 mm. (southern). Posterior border of anteorbital foramen over front of last molar (Italian) T. cseca, p. 15. Posterior border of anteorbital foramen over middle of second molar (Iberian) T. occidentalis, p. 15. TALPA EUROP.ffi:A Linnseus. 1758. [Talpa} europsea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., i, 10th ed., p. 52 (Sweden). 1766. Talpa frisius P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl. u. Regist.-Band, p. 36 (Ostfriesland). 1772. [Talpa] caudata Boddaert, Kortbegrip van het zamenstel der Natuur, i, p. 50 (Renaming of europsea). B 2 4 INSECTIVOEA 1777. [Talpa europsea] a albo-maculata Erxleben, Syst. Begni Anim., I, p. 117 (Ostfriesland). 1785. [Talpa] vulgaris Boddaert, Elenohus Anim., i, p. 126 (Europe). 1789. [Talpa europsea] |8 variegata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 13th ed., p. 110 (Sweden). 1789. [Talpa europsea] y alba Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 13th ed., p. HO (Sweden). 1789. Talpa europsea e cinerea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 13th ed., p. 110 (Eifel, Germany). 1792. Talpa europ[sea] nigra Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 200 (Renaming of europsea). 1797. Talpa europsea rufa B[orkhause]n, Der Zoologe (Compendiose Biblio- thek gemeinniitzigsten Kenntnisse fur alle Stande, pt. xxi), Heft v-viu, p. 13 (Southern Prance). 1836. Talpa europica flavescens Reichenbach, Praeht.-gemoinn. der Saugeth. des In- und Auslandes, fig. 473 (Saxony). 1852. Talpa europsea albida Reichenbach, Vollstandigste Naturgesch. des In- und Auslandes, iv, p. 336 (Germany). 1852. Talpa europsea lutea Beiehenbaoh, Vollstandigste Naturgesch. des In- und Auslandes, IV, p. 336 (Germany). 1857. Talpa europsea Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 109. 1869. Talpa europsea, flavescens Pitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, dix, pt. i, p. 400. 1869. Talpa europsea, maculata Pitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, lix, pt. I, p. 401 (Renaming of albo-maculata). 1869. Talpa europsea 5 grisea Pitzinger, Sitzunsgber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, lix, pt. i, p. 403 (synonym of cinerea wrongly attributed to Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch., II, p. 390, 1780, where vernacular name only is used). 1897. [Talpa] scalops Schulze, Abh. u. Vortr. Gesammtb. Naturw. iv, no. 10, p. 19. (Substitute for europsea.) 1910. Talpa europsea Trouessart, Paune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 61. Type locality. — Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution. — Europe from Great Britain and the Channel Islands eastward, and from the Mediterranean coast to Scotland and central Sweden. Diagnosis. — Size medium (hind foot about 18 mm., condylo- basal length of skull rarely less than 33 mm.) ; skull with orbit rather long, so that distance from posterior border of orbit to posterior border of anteorbitai foramen is about equal to that from latter point to front of first premolar or back of canine ; teeth of moderate size, the length of upper tooth-row (exclusive of incisors) less than 14 mm., the greatest diameter of ro 1 about 3 mm. ; mesostyle of m 2 and m 3 entire or with apex slightly notched. External characters. — General form highly modified for sub- terranean burrowing habits, the neck so short that the conical head with much produced snout appears to be joined directly, between the very large, everted front feet, to broad, powerful shoulders, behind which the unusually long, nearly cylindrical body tapers gradually to somewhat weak and narrow pelvic region. Fur dense and velvety, the hairs all of the same length, about 12 mm. long throughout body, shorter on head. Muzzle pad well developed, slightly wider than high, its entire margin free, the upper edge folded back and with a deep narrow median emargination, the whole surface finely and evenly rugose. Behind pad the skin of the muzzle is naked and wrinkled along median line above, the exact size and form of the naked area varying in different individuals, but its length usually about 7 mm., its breadth anteriorly equal to greatest diameter of pad, that posteriorly somewhat less. Under side of upper lip with deep median groove extending forward to muzzle-pad. Eyes excessively minute, less than 1 mm. in diameter, in some individuals completely covered by the integument, in others with a pin-hole aperture.* No external ear, the meatus about 2 ■ 5 mm. in diameter. Legs so short that scarcely more than the feet project beyond general integument of body. This is particularly true of the front legs, which are entirely concealed to wrist. Front feet very large, the palms orbicular, permanently turned outward, their surface naked, finely and evenly tuberculo-reticu- late, without trace of pads. Toes, five, each armed with a long, slightly-curved nail broadly grooved along under surface, that of fifth digit not so large as the others. Third digit longest, second and fourth sub-equal and slightly shorter, first and fifth slightly shorter than second and fourth. Hind foot short, somewhat triangular in outline, broad through base of toes but narrowing rapidly toward heel, the five toes with well developed, curved, but not flattened claws, much less enlarged than those of front foot ; second, third and fourth digits sub-equal and longest, fifth and first successively shorter, soles naked, reticulate, with five rudimentary tubercles at bases of digits, and a fifth near middle of inner margin, its anterior extremity projecting so as to suggest a supplemental (clawless) toe. Dorsum of pes thinly clothed, the hairs at its edge forming a slight fringe. Tail thickened and fleshy, about 1^ times as long as hind foot, subterete but somewhat compressed, much constricted basally ; scales arranged in rather irregular rings, of which there are about twelve to the centimeter at middle ; hairs of tail sparse, not concealing rings, sometimes forming a thin pencil. Mammae : p2-2; »2-2 = 8. Colour. — Fur everywhere dark slaty grey, sometimes almost blackish, at others more nearly a dark smoke-grey, the hairs everywhere witb a noticeable metallic or purplish iridescence ; underparts sometimes a little less dark than back, and occa- sionally with a yellowish brown suffusion ; tail concolor with body. Skull. — The skull is long and narrow, tapering gradually forward from middle of brain-case, the widest region, to just behind canines, the extreme tip of rostrum widening a little, the zygomatic arches not standing out beyond general contour. * Much confusion has been caused by the supposition that the presence or absence of this minute aperture is a specific or racial character. INSBCTIVOEA Outline when viewed from the side long wedge-shaped, rounded off posteriorly Surface of skull smooth, except for a slight sagittal crest, present in old individuals along course of parietal suture, and a crest-like elevation extending forward and outward from antero-external angle of interparietal along edge of slightly inflated mastoid region, and terminating anteriorly in a slightly pointed projection. Brain-case with posterior margin nearly semi- circular to projecting points already mentioned, then abruptly conical to back of interorbital region, its outline when viewed from behind fusiform, a little less than half as deep as wide ; condyles slightly projecting, but not noticeably breaking general posterior outline. Interparietal large, strap-shaped, slightly convex in front, similarly concave behind, the lateral extremities squarely truncate, its anteropos- terior diameter about one-third transverse diameter. Its anterior and lateral sutures remain visible, but the lambdoid suture is nearly obliterated early in life, though its position is usually marked by a slight ridge representing the lambdoid crest. Base of brain- case smooth, without conspicuous ridges, furrows or open spaces, the bones for the most part some- what inflated ; two ill-defined pits in surface of basioccipital in front of foramen magnum ; a shallow, broadly triangular median furrow between the low, flattened bullae, the sub-circular, slightly triangu- lar outline of which is sometimes distinctly indicated, but more often very obscure ; auditory meatus small, nearly circular. Inner pterygoid plate small but well developed, the hamulars short, turned slightly outward ; mesopterygoid space much narrower posteriorly than anteriorly, its greatest breadth less than half length, its length much more than width of palate between posterior molars, its anterior border broadly rounded ; region outside pterygoid plate inflated and with low but distinct longitudinal ridge, convergent anteriorly with that forming edge of mesopterygoid space. Interorbital region sub-cylindrical, dis- tinctly expanded at middle. Rostrum narrower and somewhat abruptly lower than interorbital region, its narrowest point just behind canines ; nares with evident posterior emargination. Anteorbital foramen moderately large, its posterior border over metastyle of to' 2 , the plate forming outer wall of canal usually much narrower than foramen Lachrymal foramen above anteor- ¥10. I. Talpa, europsedf. Nat. size. bital foramen and slightly in front of its middle ; its orifice over metastyle of in 1 . Temporal fossa rather large, the distance from its posterior border to posterior border of anteorbital foramen equal to that from latter point to front of first premolar or back of canine. Palate moderately broad, without special peculiarities of form, terminating posteriorly, a little behind m 3 , in a slightly raised crescentic ridge ; a vacuity about as large as the minute incisive foramen on each side of palate opposite space between m 1 and m 2 . Mandible rather slender, the ramus curved downward near middle and upward posteriorly, the angular process nearly on level with alveolar line. Coronoid process large, its broadly rounded off extremity rising considerably above articular level, its height above alveolar line about equal to least breadth of posterior segment of mandible. Articular process slender, the single articular surface small, normal in position. Angular process slightly longer than articular process, and distinctly broader, forming an obliquely-set plate directed almost horizon- tally backward, the extremity slightly hooked upward. Teeth. — In proportion to the size of the skull the teeth are moderately large, their general aspect noticeably trenchant. Upper incisors simple, chisel - shaped, perpendicular, forming a strongly convex row between canines, their height equal, but their breadth diminishing regularly from first to third ; crowns of first and second usually in contact, that of third separated by a slight space from second and from canine. Lower incisors projecting somewhat obliquely for- ward, essentially similar to the upper teeth in form, but smaller and narrower. Upper canine large, two- rooted,* the height of the shaft greater than that of any of the other teeth, and fully equal to anterior breadth of palate ; shaft wider ante- riorly than posteriorly, with antero-internal longitudinal groove, and highly deve- loped, slightly concave pos- terior cutting edge. Lower fourth incisor, but with shaft conical instead of chisel-shaped, * The roots of this tooth as well as those of the small premolars are distinctly visible in old individuals. t'IG. 2. Talpa europvea. Teeth X 5. canine very small, resembling a INSECTIVORA and set in the jaw at a slightly different angle posterior surface of shaft with well developed longitudinal ridge. First, second and third upper premolars two-rooted, small, their points on level with those of incisors and inner cusps of molars, their crowns separated from each other as well as from canine and large premolar by narrow equal spaces ; crowns rather higher than long, compressed, with slightly developed posterior cutting edge, narrowly triangular in outline when viewed from the side, the first more slender than the others, the second and third with slight though evident postero- external angle on cutting edge. Fourth premolar essentially like the other three in form, but much larger and three-rooted, the length of crown greater in proportion to height ; no secondary cusps. Lower premolars two-rooted, similar to the upper teeth in form, the second and third the same size as smaller upper premolars, the first nearly as large as pm i , but narrower, owing to absence of third root, the fourth intermediate. Upper molars with crowns much wider externally than internally, and completely divided into two unequal sections by a deep longitudinal groove passing between protocone and bases of paracone and metacone. Protocone large, its posterior com- missure extending in line parallel to sagittal plane, and ending abruptly at posterior edge of crown, near which it is slightly thickened, its anterior commissure similar though shorter, but usually showing some trace of thickening,* particularly in m 2 . Paracone and metacone sub-equal in m 2 and m 3 , the metacone the larger in the former, the paracone in the latter. In m 1 the metacone is about double the size of paracone, and is the largest and highest cusp of the upper molar series, its posterior cutting edge and long commissure functioning with similarly enlarged protoconid of m 2 . Styles and outer commissures well developed in m 2 and forming a distinct VV"P a ttern ; mesostyle entire or with apex slightly notched. In m 1 the parastyle is reduced to a minute though usually evident cusplet on the cingulum, and the mesostyle to a thickening or angle in commissure connecting the two main cusps ; metastyle well developed.f In m 3 the parastyle, mesostyle and their commis- sures are well developed, metastyle and fourth commissure absent ; mesostyle with apex usually bifid. Middle lower molar largest, its protoconid the highest cusp in the series. First lower molar broader posteriorly than anteriorly, second and third slightly broader anteriorly than posteriorly, the two triangles essentially alike in form. Metaconid of m 1 low, scarcely more * The thickenings vary considerably in different individuals. Occasion- ally they are obsolete, but more frequently they are so well developed as to form an evident protoconule and metaconule, the latter always the larger of the two. t In this tooth there is no anterior V, the outer surface of paracone essentially resembling that of pm' except for its smaller size. than a slight thickening of the cingulum. In the other teeth it is a well developed cusp nearly equal to entoconid. In all three teeth the outer cusps are noticeably higher than those of the inner row. Measurements. — Average and extremes of five males from Borrohol, Sutherland, Scotland: head and body, 148 -4 (145- 152); tail, 26-8 (26-28); hind foot, 18-8 (18-19). Average and extremes of four females from the same locality : head and body, 135 (133-138) ; tail, 25-3 (24-28) ; hind foot, 17-5 (17-18). Average and extremes of five males from Solferino, Landes, France : head and body, 138 (134-142) ; tail, 26 • 2 (25-28) ; hind foot, 17 • 8 (17-18). Five females from the same locality: head and body, 128-6 (126-133) ; tail, 27-4 (25-29) ; hind foot, 17-2 (17—18). Average and extremes of six males from Lucinges, Haute-Savoie, France: head and body, 136 • 6 (132-140); tail, 24-8 (23-26); hind foot, 18-1 (17-19). Average and extremes of three males from Turin, Italy : head and body, 138-3 (123- 147); tail, 31 (27-34) ; hind foot, 19-2 (18-20). Average and extremes of eight males from the Dehesa de Valencia, Spain : head and body, 144-3 (135-165) ; tail, 26-6 (26-28) ; hind foot, 18- 1 (18-19). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 12. Specimens examined. — Three hundred and ninety, from the following localities : — Scotland: Borrohol, Sutherland, 9 (Wilson); Black Isle, Cromarty, 3; Cromarty, 1 ; Gordonstown, Elgin, 1 ; Grantown-on-Spey, Elgin, 13 (Wilson) ; Cortachy, Forfar, 1 (Wilson) ; Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire, 1. England : Bowdon, Cheshire, 1 ; Altrincham, Chester, Cheshire, 1 ; Parsop, Hereford, 1 ; Lavenham, Suffolk, 1 (Wilson) ; Barrow, Suffolk, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Arley, Staffordshire, 1 (Wilson); Rugby, Warwickshire, 2; Warwickshire, no exact locality, 2 ; Eulbourn, Cambridge, 1 ; Holloway, Somersetshire, 2 ; Somersetshire, no exact locality, 1 ; Banstead, Surrey, 2 ; Coombe, Surrey, 1; Cobham, Surrey, 2; Egham, Surrey, 2; Knockholt, Kent, 2 ; Bromley, Kent, 2 ; Devonshire, no exact locality, 3. Denmark: No exact locality, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Belgium: Waremme, Liege, 3 (U.S.N.M.). Prance : Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 1 ; Pont-de-Briques, Pas-de-Calais, 1 ; Trinity, Jersey, 2; St. Lawrence, Jersey, 1; Barhizon, Seine-et-Marne, 2; Melun, Seine-et-Marne, 1 (Mottaz) ; Lignieres, Charente, 1 (Mottazl ; Huelgoat, Brittany, 1 ; Cadillac-sur-Garonne, Gironde, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Poret de Bouconne, Gers, 13; Solferino, Landes, 10; Caterille, Haute- Garonne, 10; Legouvin, Haute-Garonne, 3; Luchon, Haute-Garonne, 3; Bareges, Hautes-Pyrenees, 5; l'Hospitalet, Ariege, 1; Porte, Pyrenees- Orientales, 3; St. Gilles, Gard, 1; Valescure, Var, 1; Agay, Var, 1; Etupes, Doubs, 3 (Mottaz) ; Lucinges, Haute-Savoie, 9 ; Montauban, Haute-Savoie, 15 ; Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, 12. Spain: Pajares, Leon, 2; Castrillo de la Beina, Burgos, 9; Castauares, Burgos, 8 ; Lerida, 1 ; Barracas, Castellon, 24 ; Catarroja, Valencia, 4 ; Dehesa de Valencia, Valencia, 17. Germany : K6nigsberg,4 (U.S.N.M.) ; Moritzburg, Saxony, 8 (U.S.N.M) ; Ummerstadt, Thiiringen, 3 ; Brunswick, 15 (U.S.N.M.) ; Aachen, 9 (U.S.N.M.); Bremen, 1; Ingelheim, Kheinhessen, 4; Strass, near Burg- heim, Bavaria, 7; Niesky, Silesia, 1; Kalbe, Saale, 2; Magdeburg, Saxony, 1 ; Strassburg, 3. Austria-Hungary : Csallokfiz-Somorja, Pressburg, Hungary, 2 ; Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 2. 10 INSECTIVORA Boumania : Bustenari, Prahova, 1 ; Comana, Vlasca, 1 ; Bucharest, 1 (Genoa). Bulgaria: Sofia, 1 (Andersen). Switzerland : Geneva, 15 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; Lausanne, Vaud, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Les Plans, Vaud, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Chesieres, Vaud, 1 (Mottaz) Andermatt, Uri, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Mflrren, 1 ; Thurgau, 1 ; Oberhasli Valley 1; St. Gallen, 3; Bheinthal, St. Gallen, 2; Degersheim, St. Gallen, 3 Gossau, St. Gallen, 3; Untervatz. Grisons, 1; Breganzona, Tieino, 1 Cortivallo, Tieino, 6 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Comano, Tieino, 2 (U.S.N.M.) Lugano, Tieino, 4 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Muzzano, Tieino, 2 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Sorengo, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Cremignone, Tieino, 1. Italy : Turin, 4 (U.S.N.M.) ; Certosa di Pesio, Cuneo, 1 (Genoa) ; Parma, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Gozzano, Novara, 3 (Genoa) ; Frugarolo, Ales- sandria, 4 (Genoa) ; Vaccarezza, 1 (Genoa) ; Perti, Pinalborgo, 10 (Genoa) ; Florence, 10 (U.S.N.M.). Remarks. — With the possible exception of certain bats, the common mole shows less tendency to vary geographically than any other European mammal of equally wide range. 2 S. Black Isle, Cromarty, Scot- land. ?. Gordonstown, Elgin. rf. Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire. 9. Parsop, Herefordshire, Eng- land. 2 6. Bugby, Warwickshire. 2. Warwickshire. 6. Eulbourn, Cambridgeshire. 2 al. Holloway, Somerset. 2. Somerset. (Hilgel.) 2 al. Cobham, Surrey. 1 al. 1. Egham, Surrey. 9. Knockholt, Kent. 2 $. al. Bromley, Kent. 3 S. Devonshire. 2 c5. Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands. (R. H. Bunting.) 9. St. Lawrence, Jersey. 6. Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 80 ft. Prance. S. Pont - de - Briques, Pas - de- Calais. 5. Huelgoat, Brittany, 600 ft. 2d, 2 9. Poret de Bouconne, Gers, 250 m. (A. Robert.) 2 <5, 2 9. Solferino, Landes. (A. Ro- bert.) 2 c?, 2 9. Caterille, Haute - Garonne, 900-1000 m. (A. Robert.) 2 <5, 9. Luchon, Haute - Garonne. (A. Robert.) 2 6, 1 9. Bareges, Hautes-Pyrenees. 6. L'Hospitalet, Ariege. (A. Robert.) S. Porte, Pyrenees-Orientales. 2 S Porte, Pyrenees - Orientales, 1600-1700 m. {A. Robert.) i. Valesoure, Var. W. B. Ogilvie- Grant (p). W. B. Ogilvie- Grant (p). E. B. Alston (p). E. A. Denny (p). E. E. Austen (p). Tomes Collection. H. King (p). E. B. Alston (p). Dr. Leach (p). P. Heiss (p). W. Blaekwell (p). H. E.Bawson (p). Oxley Grabham O. Thomas (p). Mrs. Power (p). O. Thomas (c&p). 11. 1. 3. 62-63. 11. 1. 3. 66. 79. 9. 25. 3. 11. 1. 3. 67. 11. 1. 3. 64-65. 7. 1. 1. 17-18. 11. 1. 3. 71. 58. 4. 22. 1-2. 79. 9. 25. 5-6. 58. 1. 2. 1-2. 11. 1. 3. 61. 81. 4. 2. 1-2. 11. 1. 3. 68-70. 8. 9. 2. 3-4. 8. 12. 17. 1. 94, 6. 6. 19. O. Thomas (c&p). 98. 1. 9. 3. O.Thomas (c&p). O. Thomas (p). O. Thomas (p). O. Thomas (p). 0. Thomas (p.) G. S. Miller (c). 0. Thomas (p). G. S. Miller (c). 0. Thomas (p). 92. 9. 5. 1. 6. 4. 1. 28-31. 6. 4. 1. 32-35. 6. 4. 1. 24-27. 6. 4. 1. 21-23. 8. 8. 4. 129-132. 8. 9. 1. 38. 8. 8. 4. 133. 8. 9. 1. 36-37. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 134. TALPA 1 1 6. Agay, Var. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 135. 1. Montaubah, Haute - Savoie, A. Eobert (o & p). 97. 1. 9. 1. 1000 m. 3 6, 1 9. Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, A. Eobert (o & p). 5. 4. 4. 1. 5. 4, 900 m. 9. 3-5. 5(5, 3 9. Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, O. Thomas (p). 5. 11. 18. 1-8. 909-1200 m. Prance. (A. Bobert.) 6, 9. Pajares, Leon, Spain. (N. O. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 26-27. Gonzales.) 2. Castrillo de la Reina, Burgos, G. S. Miller (o). 8.8.4.20-21. Spain. 2 6, 5 9. Castrillo de la Reina, Burgos. N. Gonzalez (c.) 8. 7. 7. 1-7. <5. Lerida, Spain. (N. Gonzales.) O. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 28. 6 6, 6 9. Barraoas, Castellon. (N. Gon- O. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 29-40. sales.) 3 >o F o * g *-3 * CD & o * e>>£ hH ^ is >, -S^-g £+2 ' " ^"5 o &o 3 w> "3 S m flra S oa 9 OQ £ a >-» o ■g-a o . CD P c3 >> MOj-q^oo^ a , B[nqipu'BH OOOCMOCMCMOcOCOGO CM OOO'JHOOOOTticoOCOOWOOl cocococmcococococmcmcm iHrHi-ir-trHi-lr-li-lTHiHi-l CO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCM O O O Cft © O O rH COOOOODOCOCMOCOCOtMCDO I CsOtH^OWOTOOO^OOOO 'osKO-nnuq jo iNpiiojg (MtOOOCOCOCOCOCMO^ CM CNCO^OOCOlMtNOCO^COCO^ 'iUP*9iq ^ 9 oxyBmoSAz cm co OCMOOCOOCOCO CMCMCOCTHCTHH ■<# CM ^ © _1J CO CD ■* CM CO O O 00 I W CM CM CO CM i •q^Snat IttSBqojA'paoQ ^OOMtHCOO CMCMCM O COCOHOOO^CMCOtHOtHtJICM OqCOtOCOcOCO^CDQtQ^ . 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CD Is ^ £ C3 S>i is a ^ ja O rcJ O 01) 3 O bo a ■a a s 1— 1 o CMCOOOOCM-^Cq^QOGOOCMTtiTtiCMCMCM o COOcDcOCMOCO-rJICM'^GOOOOOCMcOOCM CM CMCMCMCMCMCMCOCMCMCOtHCOCOCOCOCOCO rHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHr-irHr-lrHrHT-frHrHi-H CO r-t C^TOCMCMCOCTOCMCMCMtMCqcqcOCOCOCOCOCQCO THrHrHrHrHrHrHi— iTHrHrHrHrHrHTHrHTHi-HrH o O^OOCOOCMOTOtMCDCOOCOCqcOCM'* CO THCOCMGOOCqcX)CMCMCM-^cqcOOCX)CMCMOCO CM H (MCMCM^HCMCMCOTHCMCOCOCOCOCOCMCOCtt rHrHi-Hi-Hr-lrHi-HrHrHT-HrHr-l»-HrHrHrHrH CM rH CTCflCMCSlCOmCMCMCMCMCslCMCMCOCMCOCOCOCq rHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrH O CMOCO^COOcOcO-^cO^TtlCMO-^CMCq o COCOCMO-^(MO-^CMCOCMCMCOCDCMCMO-^-rt( CM HHHOOHCOHHCO^CHnCCKMCMKl «cMCMOiOiOiO'* o coootDcqcDcocqccooo^o^oocM CO COCMO^COCMCMCOOOCOOO^CMCOCOCMCM 00 I^C0C0t-t-I^O0COt-COCOQ0C0COb-C0C0 Er- ^C0CX)O)C0Q000t-CX)C0t-C0Q0Q0a000C0C0C0 CO OOOCOOCMOOCOCMCqcOCMCO-^CMO O Cq^OOCMCOCOcOCOCOCOCOCOCMCOcOCOO^ 03 OOO0iO0iOO03OOOOCT)OOO rHHi-H rH iH rH HHH- 1 tHi-ItH o rH 05OOO0303ai0i03CD03ai05Ocioooo rH rH rH ,_),_(,_, ,_j ,__| CO tH -* - w hn - i n 3 © a :c5» SP a ■ gp B ■ 9 8~3 a o m 3 ^ H rf* r* H T* "^3 P R d a 3 a g~^g Sags go : a§ :;:: - :::: -a :: -'' : 3cg2-=»a j ^?-«" doo 3 , 3 g® ^ffl M w m mo'g 03 ■• a .. 3 3 3 a.3 3 'B © a s O P3 Woq 14 INSBCTIVOEA a a M o . o a a a * a t£ a gas t^O a >> o o •a orn. ly w ^ - 3*3*3 iss a CD *A la a "a a m o.SP a « a a O a -§.a> ja a a g *£• = ■83 a "to is : s> y a r W tj W (—1 O ■— < fl uj H H O m fl p m Avoj-iiqooi .TO{iiqipn«j\!; cm co cm cm o ■<# cq 00 00 Cq 00 o (MOOtDCOtDCOOWOOcDtNTHOCOOO^cO OOCOCQCOCOCOOTCTOOTCOJOTOCOCOmCTCOCOCOCO "(SJOBIOUT JO 9ATSntOX3)AVOJ -q^ooq A'.reinx'Bjq; cMcDOOCOtKCMCOOOO cocococqcncocoCDOCOI>CD CO O ^ CO O CM -^ -^ 00 O CM 00 CM CM O O CM cq O O CM ■qqpttsjq oiq«uio&«z CM O CM CM CM 00 CM CO CM CM C>+-04-C>- , tD f O*0*CC>CH-C> t O fc O CO t- __, „ utr-Oli-HCMiOCDOiOt-QOOlOcO-^iOCMeO t- os rH cm -* co o >o b- c ^ 1_l CTm ^CTCNcocomcocc^HHHcqcqcqcfqHH CO CO -^ -# CO CO OS CO CO • _■ ^ t^ ^ f^ ■ * _■ • - _; _* - _:_;■-;_;* ,_? „? _; • HHHHCOCOCOCOCOOl© c ~ L ■-* L C^CJsOsOlOSOSOJOiOsOsOsOlCSOSOlOSOl SSjoSooooocsioq t~ t~ t~ » cm cm cm cm cq' cm" cq" cm* cq cq' cq" cm cm* cm* cm" cm" cm' good" °o tt&^asi&as&asm&ascGmaddiaimt&dSm a - f4 fq .rt - 03 Q o PJ 60 "1« o CO pq n3 - c3 15 TALPA CMCk Savi. 1822. Talpa cseca Savi, Nuovo Giom. de' Letterati, Pisa, I, p. 265. 1857. Talpa cmca Blasius, Saugethiere Deutsehlands, p. 115. 1906. Talpa caeca Camerano, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. della K. Univ. di Torino, xxi, No. 530, p. 1, June 22, 1906. 1910. Talpa cseca Trouessart, Paune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 63. Type locality. — Mountains near Pisa, Italy. Geographical distribution. — Mediterranean region, eastward into Asia Minor ; details of distribution not known. Diagnosis. — Smaller than Talpa europsea (condylobasal length of skull, 29-32 mm. instead of 33-37 mm.) and skull with narrower rostrum and palate (breadth of rostrum over canines about 4 mm. instead of 4 ■ 6-5 mm.) ; temporal fossa shortened, the distance from its posterior margin to posterior margin of anteor- bital foramen about equal to distance from latter point to second premolar ; anteorbital foramen large, its posterior border over front of last molar, the plate forming outer wall of canal a slender, terete thread ; teeth small, the length of upper tooth-row (exclusive of incisors), 11-12 mm. ; mesostyle of m l and m 3 with apex deeply notched (this character not visible in specimens with much worn teeth). Measurements. — Average and extremes of five specimens from Cortivallo, Ticino, Switzerland : head and body, 133 ■ 8 (125-142) ; tail, 25-2 (21-30) ; hind foot (dry), 15-6 (15-16). Average and extremes of three specimens from Reggello, Tuscany, Italy (in alcohol) : tail, 23-6 (22-25) ; hind foot, 14-7 (14-4-15-5). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 17. Specimens examined. — Twenty-five, from the following localities : — Switzebland : Agmizzo, Ticino, 1 ; Bellinzona, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Breganzona, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Canabbio, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Corti- vallo, Ticino, 5 (U.S.N.M.) ; Lonvico, Ticino, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Lugano, Ticino, 3 (U.S.N.M.) ; Muzzano, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Origlio, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Sorengo, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Stabio, Ticino, 1. Itals: Regello, Tuscany, 4 (U.S.N.M.); N.S. della Vittoria, Ligurian Appenines, 1 (Genoa) ; no exact locality, 2. T at. siz2. 1 al. Galicia, Spain. 2 S, 2 Sal. La Granja, Segovia, Spain. Skull. La Granja, Segovia. 2 S, 1 al. Cintra, Portugal. 1 skull. Prof.Seoane (c&p). 94.1.1.23. M.delaEscalera(c). 8. 7. 30. 19-22. M.de la Escalera(c) 0. Thomas (c&p). 6. 11. 4. 2. 98.2. 2.8 9,58, 59. TALPA 17 Observations. Teeth not worn. „ slightly worn. „ moderately worn. ,, not worn. „ slightly worn. ,, moderately worn. „ not worn. „ slightly worn. „ much worn. „ moderately worn. „ slightly worn. „ not worn. , slightly worn. » i» i ii , not worn. = •(i[03a;b :;ur|iM) AVOJ-q^ooa JB[nqipu«K OCOCOCOCOCOCOGOCNCOOOGOCOCMOCO (McocqcNcqcqcNrH rHrHrHrHrHrHrHrH CO iH (MTHTHrHrHiH 1 -lTHCMiHT-trH«H'H(MiH i-Hi-tTHrHrHT-lTHiHiHTHrHrH^H'HTHT-l '(8.I08IOUI jo aAisnio'xa) .«oj -q^oo!, jtiBujxBjq; OCOCOO COONNMCOO** o CSIrHrHCMrHrHTHiHr-lrHCqrHCMr-ICNr-( T-lrHrHr-lrHrHrHrHT-lrHrHiHTHrHY-lTH rHCOCSICqCMrHCNrH rHrHrHrHrHrHrHrH rH rH 'aiqipiren CTCOOCqtOOOCOTHtOTHCOTUCMOCO OOOO'HOtMO OrHrHrHOOOCTI CNCMCNCNCqcNCqrH o rH 001000)000300500)00)00) C?qH!M(MHCqoqHWHcDt-t-C-t-COt-t-t>b-b-C-t-t-fc- t-t-t-t-b-b-t-to CO ■Buiiq qSnojq? 9sbo -ureiq jo q!Jd9(i oo oo o co cq co co o cq co co o cq co cm CTSCiOO^CftOl IcOOtTiOiOOOiClOiOS •■0 O *o Or *0 *o 60 . a s 3 oocn $$ HH 0«CO^HCOOqi>cOO«'*„- . > »i ii Reggello, Tuscany . c3 . '> "3 CO o J- 0) C8 ta 'w a .y a ^ O S3 -» u y ----a - - o o - - - -5 H .a I c3 y P< o CO f4 18 INSECTIVORA TALPA ROMANA Thomas. 1902. Talpa romana Thomas, Arm. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., x, p. 517, December, 1902. Type in British Museum. 1904. Talpa romana Camerano, Mem. Reale Aeoad. Soi. di Torino, 2nd ser., liv, p. 81. 1910. Talpa romana Trouessart, Paune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 64. Type locality. — Ostia, Rome, Italy. Geographical distribution. — Vicinity of Rome, Italy. • Diagnosis. — Externally similar to Talpa europeea but a trifle larger ; skull and dentition more robust tban in the related animal (greatest diameter of m 1 about 4 mm. ; length of upper tooth-row, exclusive of incisors, 14 to .15 mm.) ; mesostyle of all three upper molars bifid at tip. Sleull and teeth.. — Except that it is rather more robust the skull does not differ appreciably from that of Talpa europsea, though posterior base of zygoma appears to be usually situated somewhat further back. Teeth as in Talpa europsea, but larger throughout, a difference particularly noticeable in the first upper molar and in the large lower cheek-teeth (the combined length of fig. 4. Crown of molars in Talpa europsea (a\ and T. romana (b). X 5. these four teeth about 10 mm. instead of about 8 mm.). In form the teeth are similar to those of the related animal, but the mesostyle of m 1 is relatively as well as actually larger, and its tip is distinctly bifid, though not so deeply as in the succeeding teeth. Cingulum between outer bases of main cusps of lower molars better developed than in T. europsea, its edge frequently forming an evident cusp, especially in m 2 . Measurements. — External measurements of type (from Thomas) : head and body, 126 ; tail, 29 ; hind foot, 19 (all measurements from skin). Pour males from the vicinity of Rome (in alcohol) : head and body, 138 '3 (130-145); tail, 28-6 (27-30) ; hind foot, 19 • 6 (19-20). Three females from the same 19 3 o «h trj a o m m C/2 ! a >! r-i s o > s CN. ■ o is ■a o a ■— o is - CD e3 CD " o is CD ■*= --i CD r= rd P = 0) bo 1 1 bn o i— i CO ■43 o lO ■* rH rH r-i rH rH rH rH rH i-\ r^ rH rH •(sjosiom jo 3AlStlX0TC9) JAOJ. CM -* o CN o CO CN O 00 CM GO O CD tH tH tH tH tH «* -\{%6o% XlBinx-BXt rH r-\ tH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH r-\ O o CD o O O -HI CN CO CD CN CM O CM •aiqipn'BK lO *n CO rv -HI -HI -HI CO m ttH iC lO CD lO cq CM CN CN