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THE

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

OF THE

HUMAN BODY.

BY

JOHN AND CHARLES BELL.

THE WHOLE MORE PERFECTLY SYSTEMATIZED AND CORRECTED

BY CHARLES BELL, F.R.S.L.&E.

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF

LONDON AND EDINBURGH ;

rROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND SURGERY TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON ;

FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND SURGERY

TO THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF LONDON ; AND

SURGEON OF THE MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

THE SIXTH AMERICAN,

FROM THE LAST LONDON EDITION,

WITH VARIOUS IMPORTANT ADDITIONS, FROM THE WRITINGS

OF SOEMMERING, BICHAT, BECLARD, MECKEL,

SPURZHEIM, WISTAR, &c.

BY JOHN D. GODMAN, M.D.

PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN RUTGER's MEDICAL COLLEGE, NEW-YORK.

VOL. L

NEW-YORK:

PUBLISHED BY COLLINS AND CO.

1834.

Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-three, by Collins and Co. in the Clerk's Of- jwe of the Southern District of New-York.

W. E. DsAN, Printer, i 70 Frankfott-Street. S

PREFACE

TO

THE FIRST EDITION.

To those who are at all acquainted with books on anatomy, the

appearance of a new one on the subject will not be surprising. To those who are not yet acquainted with such writings, I have only to say, that I have written this book because Lbelieved that such a one was needed, and must be useful. I have endeavoured to make it so plain and simple as to be easily understood ; I have avoided the tedious interlarding of technical term.s, (which has been too long the pride of anatomists, and the disgrace of their science.) so that it may read smoothly, compared with the studied harshness, and, 1 may say, obscurity, of anatomical description. If an author may ever be allowed to compare his book with others, it must be in the mechanical part ; and I may venture say, that this book is full and correct in the anatomy, free and general in the explanations, not redundant, I hope, and yet not too brief.

If, in the course of this volume, I shall appear to have given a place and importance to theories far higher than they really de- serve, my reader will naturally feel how useful they are in preserv- ing the true balance between what is amusing and what is use- ful ; between the looser doctrines of functions and the close demonstration of parts. He will be sensible, how much more easily these things can be read in the closet than taught in any public course ; he will, I think, be ready to acknowledge, that I introduce such theories only as should connect the whole, and may be fairly distinguished as the physiology of facts ; and he will perceive thai, in this, too, I feel a deference for the public opinion, and a respect for the established course of education, which it is natural to feel and to comply with.

Thus, perhaps, it is less immodest for an author to put down what he thinks he may honestly say concerning his own book, than to omit those apologies which custom requires, which give assur- ance, that he has not entered upon his task rashly, nor performed it without some labour and thought, and which are the truest signs of his respect for the public, and of his care for that science to which he ha^ devoted his life.

With these intentions and hopes, I offer this book to the public ; and more particularly to those in whose education I have a chief concern : not without a degree of satisfaction at having accom-

IV PREFACE.

plished what I think cannot fail to be useful, and surely not with- out an apprehension of not having done (in this wide and difficult subject) all that may be expected or wished for.

Every book of this kind should form a part of some greater system of education : it should not only be entire in its own plan, but should be as a part of some greater whole ; without which sup- port and connection, a book of science is insulated and lost. This relation and subserviency of his own particular task to some greater whole, is first in an author's mind : he ventures to look forward to its connection with the general science, and common course of education ; or he turns it to a correspondence and harmony with his own notions of study ; and if these notions are to give the complexion and character to any book, it should be when it is de- signed for those entering upon their studies, as yet uncertain where to begin, or how to proceed.

Hardly any one has been so fortunate as to pursue the study of his ow^n science under any regular and perfect plan ; and there are very few with whom a consciousness of this does not make a deep and serious impression at some future period, accompanied with severe regret for tiie loss of time never to be retrieved. In medi- cine, perhaps, more than in any other science, we begin our stu- dies thoughtless and undecided, following whatever is delightful, (as much is delightful,) neglecting the more severe and useful parts: but as we advance towards that period in which we are to enter upon a most difficult profession, and to take our place and station in life, and when we think of the hesitation, anxiety, and appre- hension with v^'hich we must move through the first years of prac- tice, we begin to look back with regret on every moment that is past ; with a consciousness of som.e idle hours ; and (w^hat is more afflicting still) with an unavailing sense of much ill-directed, unprofitable labour : — for there is no study which a young man enters upon with a more eager curiosity ; but, not instructed in what is really useful, nor seriously impressed with the importance of his future profession, he thinks of his studies rather as the amuse- ment than as the business of life ; slumbers through his more la- borious and useful tasks, and soon fails off to the vain pursuit of theories and doctrines.

If I w^ere not persuaded of the important consequences, of the infinite gain or loss, which must follow the first steps in every pro- fession, 1 should not feel, but, above all, I should not venture to show, an anxiety, which may be thought aftected by those who cannot know hov/' sincere it must be ; for, in our profession, this is the course of things, that a young man, who, by his limited for- tune, or the will of his friends, by absence from his native country, or by the destination of his future life, is restricted to a few years of irregular, capricious, ill-directed study, throws himself at once Into the practice of a profession, in which, according to his igno*

PREFACE.

ranee or skill, he must do much good or much harm. Here there is no time for his excursions into that region of airy and fleeting visions, and for his returning again to sedate and useful labour : there is no time for his discovering, by the natural force of his own reason, how vain all speculations are : — in but a few years, at most, his education is determined ; the limited term is completed, ere he have learnt that most useful of all lessons — the true plan of study: his opportunities come to be valued (like every other hap- piness) only when they are lost and gone.

Of all the lessons which a young man entering upon our pro- fession needs to learn, this is, perhaps, the first, — that he should resist the fascinations of doctrines and hypotheses, till he have won the privilege of such studies by honest labour, and a faithful pur- suit of real and useful knowledge. Of this knowledge, anatomy surely forms the greatest share. Anatomy, even while it is neg- lected, is universally acknowledged to be the very basis of all medical skill. It is by anatomy that the physician guesses at the seat, or causes, or consequences, of any internal disease : without anatomy, the surgeon could not move one step in his great ope- rations ; and those theories could not even be conceived, which so often usurp the place of that very science, from which they should flow as probabilities and conjectures only, drawn from its store of facts.

A consciousness of the high value of anatomical knowledge never entirely leaves the mind of the student. He begins with a strong conviction that this is the great study, and with an ardent desire to master all its difficulties : if he relaxes in the pursuit, it is from the difficulties of the task, and the seduction of theories too little dependent on anatomy, and too easily accessible without its help. His desire for real knowledge revives, only when the opportunity is lost ; when he is to leave the schools of medicine ; when he is to give an account of his studies, with an anxious and oppressed mind, conscious of his ignorance in that branch which is to be received as the chief test of his professional skill ; or when, perhaps, he feels a more serious and manly impression, the difficulty and importance of that art which he is called to practise.

Yet, in spite of feeling and reason, the student encourages in himself a taste for speculations and theories, the idle amusements of the day, which, even in his own short course of study, he may observe sinking in quick succession into neglect and oblivion, ne- ver to revive ; he aspires to the character of a physiologist, to which want of experience and a youthful fancy have assigned a rank and importance which it does not hold in the estimation of those who should best know its weakness or strength. The rawest student, proud of his physiological knowledge, boasts of a science and a name which is modestly disclaimed by the flrst anatomist, and the truest physiologist of this or any age. Dr. Hunter speaks thus of

VJ PR^.FACE.

his physiology, and of his anatomical demonstration : — " Physio- " logy, as far as it is known or has been explained by Haller, and " the best of the moderns, may be easily acquired by a student " without a master, provided the student is acquainted with phi- " losophy and chymistry, and is an expert and ready anatomist ; " for whh these qualifications he can read any physiological book, " and understand it as fast as he reads.

" In this age, when so much has been printed upon the subject, " there is almost as little inducement to attend lectures upon phy- " siology as there would be for gentlemen to attend lectures upon " government or upon the history of England. Lectures upon " subjects which are perfectly intelligible in print, cannot be of " much use, except when given by some man of great abilities, " who has laboured the subject, and who has made considerable " improvements either in matter or in arrangement.

" In our branch, those teachers who take but little pains to de- " monstrate the parts of the body wnth precision and clearness, " but study to captivate young minds with ingenious speculations, " will not leave a reputation that will outlive them half a century.

'' I always have studied, and shall continue my endeavours, to " employ the time that is given up to anatomical studies as usefully " to the students as I can possibly make it, — and, therefore, shall " never aim at showing what I know, but labour to show^ and de- *' scribe, as clearly as possible, what they ought to know. This *' plan rejects all declamation, all parade, all wrangling, all subtil- " ty : to make a show, and to appear learned and ingenious in " natural knowledge, may flatter vanity ; to know facts, to sepa- " rate them from suppositions, to range and connect them, to make " them plain to ordinary capacities, and above all, to point out " the useful applications, is, in my opinion, much more laudable, " and shall be the object of my ambition."*

* Introductory Lecture published by Dr. Hunter. Edinburgh, Sept. 1793.

PREFACE

THE SIXTH EDITION.

In giving this edition of the x\natomy of the Human Body to the piibHc, I have recast and arranged the whole, and have added several subjects to the original work. I have been careful to re- vise the descriptions, and have made some additions to them ; so that I hope these volumes will be found to have few^er errors, and to present a more perfect system.

Of the first part of the work by my brother, I may speak more freely. And I may recommend it to those w-ho superintend the education of students, to consider whether they have not in it a work calculated to open the minds of the pupils to the right un- derstanding of the important subjects of their studies, and to give them correct and liberal views of their profession. It will not soon be surpassed in correctness and minuteness of description.

I have not dared to touch the History of the Arteries, as deli- vered by my brother : the rapid improvement in the surgery of the arteries, which followed as a consequence of the first publica- tion of this part of the Anatomy, has, with me, made it sacred. The nervous system is given here as I have taught it in my lec- tures of late years. And the discoveries w^hich I have made in this department being now acknowledged, I have thought myself at liberty to incorporate the new views of the nervous system with this edition of the System of Anatomy of the Human Body. I have also introduced, in their proper places, the substance of such essays or observations as I have published from time to time, when they have seemed to deserve this by the interest they have excited.

CHARLES BEEL.

S0H0-SQ.CARE, London, Oct. 1826.

CONTENTS

THE FIRST VOLUME.

ANATOxMY

OF THE

BONES, MUSCLES, AND JOINTS.

Page Introductory View of the Animal

Economy, 25

Of the Skeleton, 37

Of the Trunk, 43

THE BONES OF THE SPINE, PELVIS, AND THORAX.

Of the Spi.ne — Uses of (he Spine — its Motions — and the Division of the Ver- tebras,

Genera! Description of a Vertebra.

1. Body of the Vertebra,

2. Articulating, or Oblique Pro- cesses,

3. Spinous Processes,

4. Transverse Processes, Vertebrae of the Loins, Vertebrae of the Back, Vertebrae of the Neck, Atlas,

Dentata, Of the SriNE generally,

Medullary Tube and the Passage of the Nerves,

Intervertebral Substance,

Moiions of the Vertebrae, Ribs and Sternum. i. Of the Ribs.

General Description of a Rib — Di- vision of the Ribs into true and false — Form of a Rib, and Place of the Iiilercostal Arterv,

The Parts of ihe Rib, as the Head, Neck — Surface for arMculating with the Transverse Process — Angle of the Rib,

Size ar\d Length of the Ribs — the Cartilages of the Ribs,

Motion of the Ribs;, ii. Of the Sternum, and its Parts,

Ensiform CarlilaKC

Vol. I;-~2

Page

Of the Pelvis, 58

i. Os Sacrum, 59

ii. Os CoccYGis, 60

iii. OssA [nnomtnata, 61

i. Os Ilium, or Haunch-Bone — 1. Ala — Spine — Spinous Processes, Posterior and Anterior — 2. Dor- sum— 3. Costa — 4. Linea Inno- rninala, ib.

ii. Os Ischium, or Hip-Bone — 1.

Body— 2. Tuber— 3. Ramus, 63

iii. Os Pubis, or Share Bone — Bo- dy— Crest — Ramus, 64 Recapitulation of the chief Points of

the Anatomy of the Pelvis, 65

Size of the Pelvis in Man and Wo- man, 66 Remarks on the Separation of the Bones ofthePubes during Labour, 67

BONES OF THE THIGH, LEG, AND FOOT.

	Femur,	69
ib.	L Body,	ib.
52	2. Head,	70
53	3. Neck,	ib.
	4. Trochanter major.	ib.
	5. Trochanter minor,	71
	6. Linea aspera,	ib.
	7. Condyles,	ib.
	Tibia.	72
54	1. Upper head,	ib.
	2. Body,	ib.
	3. Lower Head — Inner Ankle,	ib.
	Fibula,	74
ib.	1. Upper Head,	75
	2. Lower Head — Oufer Ankle,	ib.
5.S	Rotula, or Patella, or Knee-pan*.	76
56	Tarsus, or Instrp,	77
57'	1. Astragalus,	78
58	2. Os Calais,	ib.

CONTENTS,

Page!

3.0s Naviculare, 79

4. Os Cuboides, ib.

5. )

6. ^ Cuneiform Bones, 80

7. S

Metatarsus and its five Bones, ib.

ToKS, 81

Sesamoid Bonks, ib.

BONES OF THE SHOULDER. ARM, AND HAND.

Shoulder.

i. Scapula, or Shoulder-Blade, 82

1. The flat Side of the Scapula, ib.

2. The upper flat Surface, ib.

3. The Triangular Form of the Sca-

pula— Costa — Basis, 83

4. The Glenoid, or Articulating Ca-

vity, ib.

5. The Neck, 84

6. The Spine, ib.

7. The Acromion Process, ib.

8. The Coracoid Process, 85 ii. Clavicle, or Collar-Bone, ib.

1. The Thoracic End and Joint, 86

2. The Outer End, and its union

with the Scapula, ib. Arm.

Pasre

1. Row forming the "Wrist, 92^

1. Os Scaphoides, 93

2. OsLunare, ib.

3. Os Cuneiforme, 94

4. Os Fisi forme, ib.

2. Row supporting the Metacarpal

Bones, ib.

1. Trapezium, ii>.

2. Trapezorles, ib.

3. Os Magnum, fS i. Os Unciforme, ib.

Metacarpus, 96

Fingers, Hj^

OF THE SKULL IN GENERAL.

Importance of the Anatomy of the Skull, 97 The Tables and Diploe of the Bones of

the Skull, ib.

Classification of the Bones of the Head, 99 Enumeration and short Description of the

Bones of the Cranium, lOO

The Sutures, 101 Remarks on the Formation, Nature, and

Use of Sutures, 103

DESCRIPTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL BONES OF THE SKULL»

Os Humeri,	jb.	Os Frontis,	10&
1. Head,	87	1. Orbilary Plates,	107
2. Neck,	ib.	2. Fissura jEthmoidea,	ib.
3. Tuberosities,	ib.	3. Superciliary Ridge,	ib.
4. Groove for the Tendon of the Bi-		4. Pores and minute Foramina,	ib.
ceps Muscle,	ib.	5. Superciliary Hole,	ib.
5. Ridges leading to the Condyles,	ib.	6. Foramen Orbitale,	ib.
6. Condyles,	88	7. Angular Processes,	ib.
7. Articulating Surface for the Ei-		8. Nasal Process,	ib.
bow-joint, and general Expla-		9. Temporal Ridge,	108
nation of the Joint,	ib.	10. Frontal Sinu?es,	Jb.
8. Hollows for the Olecranon and		11. Partitions of the Sinuses,	ib.
Coronoid Processes of the Ulna,	89	12. Frontal Ridge, or Spine,	109
Jlna and Radius.		13. Groove,	ib.
Ulna,	ib.	14 Foramen Caecum,	ib.
1. Greater Sigmoid Cavity, formed		15. Pit of the Trochlea,	ib.
by		16. Pit for the Lachrymal Gland,	ib.
1. Olecranon,	ib.	Os Parietale,	110
2. Coronoid Process,	ib.	1. The Four Angles,	ib.
2. Lesser Sigmoid Cavity for receiv-		2. Groove for the Sinus,	Ill
ing the Head of the Radius,	90	3. Groove for the Meningeal Artery,	ib.
3. Ridges,	ib.	Os OCCIPITIS,	112
4. Lower Head of the Ulna,	ib.	i. External surface.	ib.
5. Styloid Process of the Ulna,	ib.	1. Transverse Spines,	ib.
Radius".		2. Crucial Spine,	ib.
1. Body,	ib.	3. Posterior Tuberosity,	ib.
2. Upper Head,	91	ii. Internal Surface,	ib.
3. Neck,	ib.	1. Great Internal Ridge and Tento-
4. Point for the Implantation of the		rium CerebelloSuper-extensum, ib.
Biceps Flexor Cubiti,	ib.	2. Hollows of the Occipital Bone,	113
5. Lower Head,	ib.	iii. Processes of the Occipital Bone,	ib.
6. Styloid Process of the Radius,	ib.	1. Cuneiforme,	ibi
7. Ridge and Grooves,	92	2. Condyles,	ib.
Hand and Fingers.		iv. Holes,	ib.
General Explanation of the Hand and		1. Foramen Magnum,	ib.
Wrist, Carpus, Metacarpus, and		2. 1 lole for the Ninth Pair of Nerves	, ib.
Fingers.		3. Hole for the Cervical Vein of the
Carpus, or WRisr,	ib.	' Neck,	ib.

CONTENTS.

Page 114

ib.

jb.

ib. 115

ib.

ib. 116

ib.

4. Common Hole,

Os TSMPORIS,

Squamous part. Petrous part, Procejises,

1. Zygomatic,

2. Styloid,

3. Vaginal,

4. Mastoid or Mamillary, 5= Audiiory,

Holes,

For the Ear,

1. Meatus 4uditoriusExternus, 2. Iiilernus,

3. Small Hole receiving a

Branch from the fifth Pair

of Nerves, 117

4. Stylo-Mastoid Hole, ib.

5. Hole for the Eustachian

Tube, ib.

For Blood-vessels, 118

1. For the Carotid Artery, ib.

2. For the Great Lateral Sinus,

called the Ciimmon Hole, as formed partly by the Temporal, partly by the Occipital Bone, ib.

3. Small Hole on the Outside

of the Temporal Bone, ib.

Os^THMOIDEs, 119

1. Cribriform Plate, 120

2. Crista Galli, ib.

3. Nasa I Plate, or Atygous Pro-

cess, ib.

4. The Labyrinth, ib.

5. Spongy Bones, ib.

6. Orbitary Plate, or Os Pla-

num, 121

7. Os Unguis, ib.

8. Cells, ib. Os Sphenoides, 122

Processes, 123

1. Alae, ib.

2. Orbitary Process, ib.

3. Spinous Process, ib.

4. Styloid Process, ib.

5. Pterygoid Processes, ib.

External.

Internal.

€. Azygous Process, 124

7. Clynoid Processes, ib.

Anterior.

Posterior.

Sella Turcica, and its Cells, ib.

Holes, 125

1. Foramen Oplicum, ib.

2. Lacerum, ib.

3. Rotundum, 126

4. Ovale, ib.

5. Spinale, ib.

6. Pterygoid, or Vidian Hole, ib. Common Holes, 127

Os Unguis, or Lacrymale, 128

BONES OF THE FACE AND JAWS. Obsa Nasi, 127

	Page
OSSA MaKIIXARIA SaPKRIORA,	lis
Processes,	129
1. Nasal,	ib.
2. Orbitary,	ib.«
3. Malar,	ib.
4. Alveolar,	ib.
5. Palatine Process,	UO
Antrum Maxillare, or Highmoria
num.	ib.
Holes,	131
1. Infra Orbitary,	ib.
2. Foramen Incisivum, or Ante-
rior Palatine Hole,	132
3. Posterior Palatine Hole,	ib.
4. Lachrymal Groove,	ib.
5. Lateral Orbitary Fissure,	ib.
6. Alveolar Foramina,	ib.
OssA Palati,	ib.
Processes,	133
1. Palatine Plate or Process,	ib.
Middle Palatine Suture,	ib.
Trarisver.se Palatine Suture,	ib.
2. Pterygoid Process,	ib.
3. Nasal Plate or Process,	ib.
Ridge, t.	ib.
Groove,	ib.
4. Orbitary Process,	ib.
Palatine Cells,	134
OsSA S.oQNGlOSA, or TURBINATA I^■FH-
RIORA,	ib.
Vomer,	13S
OsMal^,	ib.
Processes,	ib.
1. Upper Orbitary,	ib.
2. Inferior Orbitary,	ib.
3. Maxillary,	ib.
4. Zygomatic,	136
5. Internal Orbitary,	ib.
6. Foramen,	ib.
Os Maxilla I.nferioris,	ib.
Processes,	ib.
1. Coronoid,	ib.
2. Condyloid,	137
3. Cervix,	ib.
4. Semilunar Notch,	ib.
5. Alveolar,	ib.
6. Spina Interna,	ib.
Holes,	138
1. Large Hole in the inner Side for
the Entry of the Lower Maxil-
lary Nerve and Arter)',	ib.
3. Mental Hole,	ib.
Revikw of the Skeleton,	139
Review of the Bones of the Head,	151
Craniology,	158
Varieties in the Forms of the Head,
indicative of national Peculiari-
ties,	163
Of the Formation and Growth of
Bones,	166
History of the Doctrines of Ossification,	167
Phenomena of Ossification,	170
Blood Vessels and Absorbents of Bones,
and Proofs of the Deposition and Re-
absorption of the Bony Matter,	173
Nerves of Bones, and Proofs of the Sen-
sibility of Bones,	177

xu

CONTENTS.

Page The Process of Ossification described, 178 , 1. The various Forms, and nume- rous Points of Ossification, 179

2. Tiie Heads and Processes of long

Bones, 180

3. The Cavity of long Bones, ib.

4. The Cancelli, ib.

5. The iVIarrow, ib.

6. The Lamellae, or Bony Plates, 181

7. Th^ Holes of Bones, ib.

8. The Vessels, 182

9. The Periosteum, ib. 10. The Cartilages, 183

The Callus and Regeneration of broken

Bones, 184

Of the Teeth, by Mr. Charles Bell, 186 Description of the Human Adult

Teeth, ib.

Page

1. The Incisores, 186

2. The Cuspidati, or Canine Teeth, 187

3. The Bicuspides, ib.

4. The Molares. or Grinding

Teeth, 188

Of the first Set of the Teeth, the Milk

or Deciduous Teeth, ib.

Of the Structure of the Teeth, 190

Of the Enamel, 191

Of the central bony Part of the Teeth, 192 Of the Vascularify and Constitution of

the bony Fart of the Tooth, 193

Of the Gums, 196

Of (he Formation and Growth of the

Teeth, 197

Of the Growth of the second Set of

Teeth, and the shedding of the

first, 200

OF THE MUSCLES.

Their Texture, and the Varieties IN the Arrangement of their Fi- bres, 203 Mechanical Power sacrificed to Ve- locity, 205 Tendons, Fasciae, and Aponeuroses, 211

MUSCLES OF THE FACE, EYE, AND EAR.

Mu?CLES OF THE FaCE,

1. Occipilo Frontalis, 212

2. Corrugator Supercilii, 213

3. Orbicularis Oculi, or Palpebra-

rum, ib.

4. Levator Palpebrae Suprrioris, 214 Muscles of the Nose and Mouth,

5. Levator Labii Superioris, et Alae Nasi, ib.

6. propritis, ib.

7. Levator Anguli Oris, or Levator

Communis Labioruni, 215

8. Zygomaticus Major, ib. 9. Minor, ib.

10. Buccinator, ib.

11. Depressor Anguli Oris, 2lG

12. Depressor Labii InferJoris, or Quadiatus Gena>, ib.

13. Orbicularis Oris, ib.

14. Depressor Labii Superioris, et Alfe

Nasi, 218

15. Constrictor Nasi, ib.

16. Levator Menti, ib.

MUSCLKS OF THE EXTERNAL EaR, )b.

17. Superior .Auris, ib.

18. Anterior Auris, 219

19. Posterior Auris, ib

20. Helicis Major, ib.

21. Minor, ib.

22. Tragicus, ib.

23. Antitragicus, ib.

24. Transversus Auris, ib.

Muscles of the Eye-Ball.

General Expliinatiori of iheseMuscles, 219

25. Rectus Superior, 220

26. Inferior, ib.

27. Inlernus, ib.

28. Exiernus, 221

29. Ol)liquus Superior, ib. 30. Inferior, ib.

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER JAW, THROAT, AND TONGUE.

Muscles of the lower Jaw.

.31. Temporalis, 222

32. Masseter, ^ 223

33. Pterygoideus Inlernus, or Major, ib.

34. '■ Externiis, or Minor, ib.

Ml-SCLES LYING ON rHE FORE PaRT OF

thf. Nkck, and moving THE Head. Sf) Platysma Myoides, 224

36 Sieino-tleido-Mastoideus, ib.

Muscles of the Throat and Tongue. Explanation of certain Bones and Car- tilages fonnini; the Basis of the Throat and Tongue, and the Centre of their Motions, 225

1. Os H)()ides. — Its Cornua. — Its

Appendices, or perpendicular Processes, ib.

2. Larynx, Trachea, or Windpipe 226

1. Thyroid, or Scutiform Carti-

lage, ib.

2. Cricoid Cartilage, ib.

3. Arytenoid Cartilages, and Ri-

ina Glotlidis formed by them, ib.

4. Epif^lottis, ^ 227 Recapitulation and View of the Con- stitution of the Larynx, ib.

1. Muscles of the Throat.

i. Muscles which pull the Throat

down, 228

37. Slerno-hyoideus, ib.

CONTENTS.

xm

Pap:e

38. Sterno-thyroideus, 228

39. Omo-hyoideii?, ib. Action of these Muscles, 229

ii. Muscles which move the Throat . upwards, ib.

40. Mylohyoideus, ib.

41. Genio-hyoideus, ib.

42. Stylo-hyoideus, ib.

43. Di^^astricus, or Biventer Max-

illae Inlerioris, 230

iii. Muscles moving the Paris and Carlilages of the Larynx upon each other, ib.

44. Hyo-thyroideus, ib.

45. Crico-thyroideus, ib.

46. MusculusArytenoideusTrans-

versus, 231

47. Obli-

quus, ib.

48. Crico-Arytenoideus Posficus, ib. 49. Lateralis, ib.

50. Thyro-Arytenoideus, ib. iv. Muscles of the Palate and Pha- rynx, 232

51. Azygos UvuIbs, ib.

52. Levator Palati Mollis, ib. 5.3. Circiiinflexus Palaii, or Ten- sor Palati Mollis, ib.

54. Conslriclor Islhtni Faucium, 233

55. PalatoPharyn^eus, ib. Pharynx explained, ib.

56. Siyio Pharyngeus, 234

57. Constrictor Superior, ib.

58. . Medius, ib.

59. Inferior, ib.

(E^of)havMJS, 235

60. Va-i'ialis G.ilae, ib.

Muscles of thb Tongue. 6L Hyo-j^lossus. ib.

62. Genio hyo-glossus, ib.

63. Lingnalis, ib.

64. Slylo-Glossus, ib. Motions of the Tongue per- formed by these Muscles, 236

OP THE MUSCLES OF THE ARM, INCLUDING THE MUSCLES OF THE SCAPULA, ARM, FORE- ARM, AND HAND.

Muscles of the Scapula, ib.

i. Muscles moving the Scapula up- wards and backwards, ib.

65. Trapezius, 237

66. Lovaior Scapulae, or Levator

Proprius Anjiulaiis, ib.

67. and 68. Rhomboideus, 238

1. Minor, ib.

2. Major, ib. ii. Muscles which move the Scapula

downwards and forwards, 239

69. Serratus Major Anticus, ib.

70. Pectoralis Minor, ib.

71. Subclavius, ib. Motions of the Scapula, ib.

Page Muscles moving the Os Humeri, or ArmBone.

72. Pectoralis Major, 240

73. Iralissimus Dorsi, ib.

74. Deitoides, 241

75. Coraco-brachialis, 242

76. Supra Spinatus, ib.

77. Intra Spinatus, 243

78. Teres Minor, ib. 79. Miijnr, 244

80. Subscapuiaris, ib. Motions of the Humerus, and Use

and Effect of each of these Mus- cles in forming and strengthening ^ the Joint, 245

Muscles moving the Fore-Arm, ib.

i. Mus( les bending the F'ore-Artn, 246

81. Biceps Flexor Brachii, ib.

82. Brachialis Inlernus, ib. ii. Muscles extending the Fore-Arm, 247

83. Triceps Extensor, ib.

84. Ancotifeus, ib. Muscles situated on the Fore-Arm

MOVING the Radius, Carpus, and Fingers.

Fascia of the Arm, 248

Arrange:nc'n( of these Muscles, the Point* of Origin and Insertion, and the Motions of Pronation and Su- pination, Flexion and Extension, explained, 249

i. Flexors, arising from the Inner

Condyle, ib.

85. Supinator Radii Longus, 25J.

86. ■ Brevis, ib.

87. Pronator Radii Teres, ib.

88. Quadralus, 252

89. Palmaris Lonpus, ib.

90. Brevis, (irCutaneus, 253

91. Flexor Carpi Rndialis, ib.

92. Uli.aris, 254

93. Flexor Digitorum Sublimis, ib. 94. Profundus,

vol Perforans, 255

95. Lumbricales, 256

96. Flexor Longus Pollicis, ib. ii. Extensors, arising from the Out- er Condyle.

97. Extensor Carpi Radialis Lon-

gior, 257

93. . Bre-

vior, 258

99. ■ Ulnaris, 259

100. Digitorum Commu- nis, ib.

101. Minimi Digili, or

Auricularis, 260

102. Primus Pollicis, ) 261

103. Secundus Pollicis, > ib.

104. Tertius Pollicis, ) ib.

105. Indicator, 262 Muscles seated on the Hand.

General description of these Muscles, ib.

106. Abductor Pollicis, J 263

107. Opponens Pollicis, f ib,

108. Flexor Brevis Pollicis,^ 264

109. Adductor Pollicis, } ib.

XIV

CONTENTS.

Page , 265

■ ib.

ib. ib. 266

110. Adduclor Minimi Digiti,

111. Flexor Parvus Minimi Di

gi«i.

112. Abductor Minimi Digiti.

113. Iiidicis,

114. Interossei Interni,

115. Extern!,

MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION, OR OF THE RIBS.

General Explanation and Table of these Muscles, ib.

116. Serratus Superior Posticus, 267

117. — Interior Posticus, ib.

118. Levatorcs Costarum, ib.

119. and 120. Intercostales, 268 121. Triangularis Sterni, or Ster-

no-costalis, ib.

AND TRUNK.

Muscles of ths Head and Neck.

122. Splenius, 270

123. Complexus, 271

124. Tracheio-mastoideus, 272 125 Rectus Minor, ib.

126. Major, ib.

127. Obliquus Superior, ib

128. Inferior, 273

Muscles of the Trunk.

129. Quadratus Lumborum, ib.

130. Longissimus Porsi, 274

131. Sacio-Lumbalis, ib.

132. Cervicalis Descendens, 275

133. Transversalis Colli, ib. Arransiementof ihe intricate Set

of Muscles filling up the Hol- lows and Interstices among' the Spines and Processes of the Vertebrae. 276

134. Spinalis Cervicis, ib. 135. Dorsi, 277

ib. ib.

their Uses

136. Senii-spinalis Dorsi,

137. Multifidus Spinfe,

138. Interspinalis Colli, Dorsi, et Lumborum, 278

139. Inter-transversales, ib. Muscles on the fore part of the

Head and Neck, completing the Ca- talogue of those belonging to the Spine. 140. Rectus Internus Capitis Major, ib.

141. Minor, 279

142. Capitis Lateralis, ib.

143. Longus Colli,

144. Scalenus,

OF THE MUSCLES OF THE AB- DOMEN, AND OF THE DIA- THRAGM.

Muscles of the Abdomen, 280

Importance of the Anatomy of the Ab- dominal Muscles -General Expla-

nation of these Muscles — Arrangement, 145. Obliquus Externus, 146. Internus,

147. Transversalis Abdominis,

148. Recti,

149. Pyramidalis, Explanation of the Lines, Rings,

&c. of the Abdominal Muscles. 1. Linea Alba, 2. Semilunaris,

3. Sheath for the Rectus,

4. Umbilicus,

5. Ring of the Abdominal

Muscles, Crescent.

150. Cremaster Muscle of the Tes- ticle,

6. Ligament of the Thitch, Explanation of the difl'ereni Kinds

of Hernia, and the Points at vphichthe Bowelsare protruded. Diaphragm.

151. The Diaphragm.

1. The Greater, or Upper Mus- cle of the Diaphragm,

2. The Les.-er Muscle of the Diaphragm,

3. The Tendon in the Centre of the Diaphragm,

Vessels perforating the Diaphragm,

1. Aorta.

2. (Esophagus,

3. The great Vena Cava, The Tendon of the Diaphragm, Uses of the Diaphragm,

THE MUSCLES OF THE PARTS OF GENERATION, AND OF THE ANUS, AND PERINiEUM.

General Idea of these Muscles, Fascia, or Aponeurosis,

152. Erector Penis,

153. Transversalis Perinsei,

154. Ejaculafor,

155. Sphincter Ani, 15fi. Levator Ani,

157. Musculus Cocc)'^geus, Perinaeum, — the Point where all these

Muscles are united, Course of the Incision in Lithotomy, Muscles of the Female Perinseum,

AND FOOT.

280 281 282

ib. 283

ib.

284 ib. ib. ib.

285

286 ib.

287

ib.

ib. 289

ib.

ib. 290

291

ib.

ib. 292

ib.

ib. 293

294

ib.

295

ib.

Muscles moving the Thigh-bone, General Description of these Muscles — Classification and Arrangement of them — and I'able of their Implanta- tions, and of the Motions which they perform, ib.

Fascia of the Thigh, 297

158. Mu«culus Fascialis, or Tensor

Vaginae Femoris, 'y 298

CONTENTS.

XV

159. Psoas Magnus, 160. Parvus,

161. Iliacus Internus,

162. Pectineus, or Pectinalis,

163. Triceps Femoris,

1. Adductor Lonscus,

2. B re vis,

3. Magnus,

164. Obturator Externus,

165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170.

Glulceus Maximus,

.Medius, or Minor,

Minimus,

> Gemini.

Pyriformis, 171. Obturator Internus, 17-2. Quadratu* Femoris, Motions of the Thigh, and Action of these Muscles,

MrSCLKS OF THE LeG,

.\rrangement of these Muscles i. Extensors of the Leg,

173. Rectus Femoris, or Rectus Cru- ris,

174. CruicEus, Subcrurcei, being Slips only of

the Cruraeus,

175. \'astus Externus

176. Internus,

Uses of these Muscles, )i. Flexors of the Leg,

177. Sartorius,

178. Gracilis, or Rectus Inteniu; Femoris,

179. Semiiendiiiosus,

180. Semimembranosus,

181. Poplitsus,

182. Biceps Cruris, Fascia,

Muscles of the Foot,

Arrangement, ,*5

i. EXTEXSORS. !/'

183. Gastrocnemius, ''^^

184. Soieus,

185. Plantaris,

186. Peronffus Longns,

187. Brevis,

188. Tertius,

ii. Flexors.

189. Tibialis Posticus, ISO. An tic us.

Page j Page

299 Muscles of the Toes, 3i7 ib. ! 191. Flexor Longus Pollicis, ib. rb. ; 192. Digitorura Pe-

300 dis, Perforans, 318

301 193. Massa Carnea J. S^lvii, or

ib. ; ^ Plaiiiae Pedis, 319

ib. j 194. Flexor Brevis Digitorum, ib.

302 ! 195. Lumbricales, ib. ib. Extensors of the Toes, 320

303 196. Extensor LoDgus Disitorum

ib. Pedis, ^ ib.

304 i 197. Digitorum Brevis, ib,

; 198. ; Pollicis Proprius, 321

■ j Crucial Ligament.

ib. i 199. Abductor^oliicis, i 322

ib ; 200. Flexor Brevis Pollicis, > ib.

305 201. Adductcr Pollicis, ) ib.

202. Transversal is Pedis, ib.

203. Abductor Minimi Digiti, 323

204. Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti, ib.

205. Interossei Inierni, ib.

206. Exterui, ib.

Fascia of the Leg, 324

Plantar Aponeurosis, ib.

OF THE MUSCULAR POWER,

OF THE CELLULAR SCBSTAXCE. AND CF the TENDONS, LIGAMENTS. BUKS^, AND FASCl-i:, AND ALL THE PARTS WHICH BELONG TO THE BONES OR MUSCLES, OR WHICH ENTER INTO THE CONSriTUTION OF A JOINT.

Of the Nalure of the Cellular Sub- stance, S^ General Explanation of the Tendons, Li- gaments, (Lc. 334

Ofthc Forms o'the Cellular Substance, 335

1. Its Cells, and their Cse, jb.

2. Bursa ^Mucosa, ib.

3. Vagina, or Fascia, 336

4. Tendons, jb,

5. Periosteum,