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JUn BOYAL COLLEGE OF 8UReoC.J3 P.m CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIMENS
ILLUSTRATING THE
OSTEOLOGY AND DENTITION
OF
VEETEBRATED ANIMALS,
RECENT AND EXTINCT,
CONTAINED IN
THE MUSEUM
OF
THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND.
BY
WILLIAM HENRY FLOWER,
CONSEBTATOR OF THE MUSEUM.
PART I.
MAN : Homo sapiens, Linn.
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE COLLEGE ;
AND SOLI) BY
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LIOX COURT, FLEET STREET.
MDCCCCVIJ.
PEEFACE.
The first printed list of the Osteological Specimens contained in the Museum was published in 1831. It soon, however, became evident that a more complete catalogue was required ; and at a meeting of the Museum Committee, held on the 6th of January, 1842, Professor Owen, then Conservator of the Museum, presented a report " On the advantages of combining the Fossil and Recent Osteological Specimens in one Catalogue and system of arrangement ;" and at a meeting on the 8th of February of the same year it was resolved, in pursuance of the authority given to the (-ommittee by the Council, that the fossil and recent osteology be incorporated in one series, and the Catalogue be prepared in accordance with this view.
For some motive not explained upon the Minutes, the method of arrangement approved by the Committee and Council, and which bad been recommended with much urgency and excellent reasoning by the Conservator, was not carried out. The spe- cimens continued to be divided primarily, not according to
their zoological or anatomical relations, but by a most incou-
a 2
iv
PREFACE.
A-enlent and artificial system, according as the animals from which they were derived lived before or after a particular period of the world's history. Hence each series was incomplete, and required reference to the other for its perfect illustration and comprehension.
In 1845 the ' Catalogue of Fossil Remains of Mammalia and Aves ' appeared, in 1853 the ' Catalogue of the Osteological Series ' (comprising only the specimens of existing species), and in 1854 the ' Catalogue of Fossil Remains of Reptilia and Pisces.'
The very valuable and detailed Catalogues, for which the Museum was indebted to the assiduous labours of Professor Owen, are, owing to the numerous additions made to the collection, as well as to the advances in zoologicnl classification since their publication, gradually ceasing to fulfil the present requirements of the Museum ; and the necessity for new ones is becoming obvious to every one engaged in studying the collection. The desirability of returning to the resolution of the Committee of 1842 is also continually becoming more evident.
It is always difficult, in the cnse of a growing collection, to fix the best time to print a Catalogue, as it is necessary to choose between the danger, on the one hand, of incurring much labour and expense in the production of a publication which may before long require to be superseded, and, on the other, of allowing the interests of the collection and of the ^^orkers in it to suffer by the condition of confusion into which it necessarily falls when a vast quantity of new material has
PKEf ACE.
V
been incorporated into a framework not sufficiently compre- hensive or elastic to adapt itself to its reception.
Under the circumstances, the best principle appeared to be not to attempt, with the present greatly enlarged collection, to give a minute description of every individual specimen, as had pi'eviously been done, but rather to aim at making a complete list of the contents of this department of the Museum, arranged upon a system which should combine modern scientific views of classification with convenience of reference and capability of ex- tension, and to pay great attention to accuracy of nomenclature, and especially to the preservation of every record relating to the history and authenticity of each specimen, laying stress on all particulars which are not to be seen in the specimen itself, rather than on those which can at any time readily be found there. To do this a very great amount of time has been consumed in searching through old documents, letters, and publications, though often with little visible result; and, notwithstanding- all the pains taken, some specimens will be found in the Catalogue, received into the collection in former times, the history of which is doubtful or unknown.
That the value of the former full descriptions may be retained, references will be given in the new Catalogue to its predecessors in all instances of specimens mentioned in them.
As the additions to the collection have been especially numerous among the specimens illustrating the anatomy of Man and the higher forms of Vertebrates, it has been con- sidered advisable to reverse the order of the last Catalogue, and commence at the higher instead of the lower end of
■vi
TREFACE.
the series. The first portion will relate to the section of the collection devoted to Human Osteology, including the series of skeletons and crania of the various races of Man ; and, for the convenience of those who make this branch of the subject a speciality, it will be issued separately.
Eoyal College of Surgeons, September 12, 1879.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
The descriptions and numbers o£ the specimens catalogued in the first edition (with the exception of those of Abnormal Conditions of the Teeth [278-287] now transferred to the Pathological Series) have been retained unaltered, together with the introduction, appendix, and tables. Additional specimens whose descriptions were in manuscript have been incorporated, to each being assigned the same number as that borne by the preceding specimen in the first edition of ihe Catalogue with the addition of a small number ; the skulls presented by Sir Havelock Charles, K.C.V.O., are further distinguished by an asterisk. The specimens purchased in 1895 from the Anthropological Society are followed by numbers that refer to a manuscript list received with them.
The special groups of more ancient skulls selected by Mr. N. C. Macnamara partly from our own collection, partly from that of Dr. Barnard Davis, and largely supplemented by casts presented by himself, form now the first section of the Special Osteology of Man. The numbers formerly assigned to the specimens of Abnormal Conditions of the Teeth have been used for these groups, the individual skulls being dis- tinguished (as in the case of additions) by a small number supplementary to that of the group.
C. STEWART,
Conservator,
June 2o, 1907.
INTEODUCTION TO PAET 1.
It has been thought advisable to issue the portion of the Cata- logue containing the illustrations of Human Osteology in a separate volame, without waiting until the remainder of the work should be completed, as, while the study of Anthropology is continually attracting more and more attention, the former Catalogue has ceased to give any idea of what the Museum contains in this department, or wherein it is deficient. The extent to which this portion of the collection has increased in the last few years will be appreciated by the fact that of the 1312 specimens mentioned in the present Catalogue, only 345 are to be found in the edition of 1853. Of these, 113 are part of the original Hunterian Collection.
The first section is devoted to the General Osteology of Man, independently of peculiarities of race, and commences with the development of the skeleton (as far as it can be illustrated by dried specimens), and proceeds to the osteology of adult man in the normal condition, or showing individual variations. To draw a satisfactory line between such variations as may be .classed within the range of normal anatomy and those that exceed this range and may properly be called teratological is extremely difficult, as the distinction is a purely arbitrary one ; but, in the case of specimens in a museum, it will usually be
X
INTRODUCTION.
determined by convenience of arrangement. Hence some speci- mens are included in the present series which might, in a strictly scientific classification, more properly find a place in the department of Teratology.
On similar grounds the subjects of the second principal division of the Catalogue, illustrating Dentition, are included in the present series and arranged with the bones. Although neither morphologically nor physiologically forming any part of the osseous system, the teeth are so intimately associated with the skeleton (part of which is adapted to their support and moulded to their form) and are preserved by the same processes and under the same conditions, that it is impossible in the arrange- ment of a museum to separate one from the other.
The third and largest section is devoted to the Special Osteology of Man, or illustrations of those variations which have become so fixed and hereditary as to give distinctive characters to the different groups or races of mankind.
The arrangement of these specimens is one of considerable difficulty, partly owing to the present state of uncertainty as to the true classification of the varieties of the human species, and partly owing to the numerous cases that have to be dealt with of mixed or doubtful descent. It has therefore been thought that these difficulties will be best overcome, and a place most readily found for every specimen, without committal to any theoretical view of its origin or affinities, by adopting (as in Dr. Barnard Davis's valuable ' Thesaurus Craniorum') a geographical arrange- ment, and placing all the specimens according to the countries of which they are presumably native. In a few obvious cases of transplantation from one country to another inhabited by a distinct race, this system has been departed from. For instance^ Negroes known to be of African descent but born in America are not included among the natives of the latter continent, but are assigned to the original home of their race.
INTRODUCTION.
xi
The boundaries of the regions adopted do not always exactly coincide with those of political geography ; and a considerable concession to the claims of a classification based on physical characters has been made in the general arrangement of the series. It will be observed that the various regions of the world have been so grouped as to bring together those that are mainly inhabited : — (1) by the white or Caucasian races of Blumenbach, including the whole of Europe except the eastern frontiers of Russia, Africa north of the Sahara, and Asia south and west of the Himalayas ; (2) by the yellow and red Mongolian and Mongoloid races, including the remainder of Asia, the Indo- Malay Archipelago, Eastern Polynesia, and the whole of America; (3) by the Australians, a race agreeing with the following section in every thing but the character of the hair ; (4) by the frizzly- haired or black races — beginning with the Oceanic Negroes or Melanesians in the widest sense of the term (including the Tasmanians, Melanesians proper, Papuans, and Negritos of the Andaman Islands), and ending with the natives of Central and Southern Africa, the Negroes, Kaffirs, and Hottentots.
Although the geographical arrangement has thus been made to run in the same lines with some of the best-ascertained facts in the zoological classification of Man, no attempt has been made to draw the boundaries too minutely. Any serial arrangement at the best can only be a compromise, especially in a collection so imperfectly representing the numerous and indefinite gradations of variation at present existing on the earth. Not only on the frontier-line between the territories in which two different races predominate, but far into the interior of each, mixed or even pure specimens of other races are to be found. It must not, therefore, be considered that any individual skull classed among the inhabitants of a -country mainly occupied by a particular race belongs as a matter of certainty to that race, especially when the history and external appearance of the individual before death may be utterly unknown. It is, however, obvious that the larger each series becomes, the less such accidental
xii
INTRODUCTION.
intrusions will vitiate the results obtained by the system of averages ; and hence the necessity of bringing together, in any collection intended to advance the knowledge of physical anthropology, far larger series than are at present available.
As regards the descriptions of the individual specimens, the name of the donor and the date at which it was acquired are recorded in every case in which they could be ascertained. It is only with some of the older specimens that there has been any uncertainty on these points. Such details are often of impor- tance in tracing the history or establishing the authenticity of specimens which might, perhaps, otherwise be subject of doubt. References are always given to any published descriptions or figures ; and the number in the former Catalogue * (0. C, i. e. Old Catalogue or Owen's Catalogue) is given in the case of all specimens contained tliei'ein, that the full description in it may be referred to, for which purpose copies of that Catalogue will be retained in the Museum.
It has not been thought advisable to give such detailed de- scriptions in the present Catalogue, as to do so with the largely increased number of specimens would have greatly prolonged the preparation of the work and delayed the much-needed succeeding volumes ; and the introduction of exact measurements supersedes tlie necessity of the use of such comparatively vague descriptive terms as " broad/' " high," " round/' &c. Certain points have, however, always been noted ; to the following explanation of which the attention of all who may consult he Catalogue is particularly requested.
When the lower jaw is present, the specimen is described as a " skull ;" when absent, as a "cranium." When the bones of the face are wanting, it is called a " calvaria."
When the sex is known from certain evidence, as from the
* 'Descriptive Catalogue of the O.steolofiical Series contained in the Museum of the IJoyal College of Surgeons of England." 2 vols. -ito. 1853.
INTRODUCTION.
xiii
history of the individual or the presence of the entire skeleton, it is stated in full — "' male " or " female." If only inferred from the characters of the skull, it is indicated by the signs or 9 • When no such sign is appended, the characters are not sufficiently distinctive to attribute it to either sex. A sign with a ? signifies that the characters of one sex predominate, though not quite decisively. These are points upon which other observers may of course occasionally form different judgments from those given in the Catalogue.
With regard to the important question of age, all skulls in which the basilar suture is closed are regarded as adult ; and w^here this has not taken place the circumstance is invariably noted, such skulls being regarded as "young," and excluded from the average measurements given in the Appendix. Up to this period the state of dentition is always mentioned, as indi- cating the relative development, though without attempting to give the age in years. Although in our own race we know tolerably well what conditions of dentition correspond to parti- cular ages, we have little proof that it is tlie same with other races. Of the adult skulls, also, no attempt has been made to assign the age ; but mention is made of all cases in which senile changes have set in.
Certain points in the condition of the sutures, to which much attention has been directed of late, have always been noted. These are : — metopism, or persistence of the mid-frontal suture; the presence of interparietal or epactal bones, or unusual Wormian bones ; and the contact of the squamosal with the frontal bone at the pterion. When no note is to be found on any of these points, it may be presumed that the exceptional condition does not exist. The small supplementary ossifications at the upper end of the alisphenoid, which may be called epipterics, being of such great frequency, have not been noted.
All marked anomalies of dentition are recorded.
As many of the very convenient, and, indeed, indispensable.
xiv
INTRODUCTION.
terms recently introduced (chiefly by Broca) into craniology are not yet familiar to all English anatomists, it may be convenient to give here a short explanation of such of them as are used in the present catalogue *.
Fig. 1.
Bp
Side view of skull of male Australian.
A. Alveolar point. S. Subnasal point. N. Nasion. Op. Opliryon, or centre of supraorbital line (Opt). Br/. Bregma. L. Lambdn. O. Occi- pital point, or most distant part of occiput from Op. B. Basiou. St. Stephanion. Pt. Pterion. As. Asterion. Op O. Length of cranium, B Bg. Height of cranium. B N. Basinasal lengtli. B A. Basialveolar length. N IS. Nasal height.
The most important points for mensuration and descriptive purposes situated in the middle line of the cranium, taken in order, are : —
* For fuller explanations of these and other similar terms, see ' Instruc- tions craniologiques et craniometriques de la Soci^t6 d'Anthropologie de Paris' (1875); also Topinard's ' Anthropologie ' (187G) ; and for still more detailed reasons for the introduction of the new terms, " Notions compl^men- taires sur I'Ost^ologie du Crane, di^termination et denominations nouvelles de certains points de repere," by P. Broca (Bulletin de la Soc. d'.Vnthrop. de Pari.s, Seance du 20 mai, 1875).
INTRODUCTION.
XV
1. Alveolar point (A). The centre of the anterior margin of
the upper alveolar arch.
2. Subnasal jwint or Spinal point (S). The middle of the
inferior border of the anterior nasal aperture, at the base of the nasal spine.
3. Nasion, or Nasal point {N). The middle of the naso-
frontal suture at the root of the nose.
4. Opliryon (Op). A point situated immediately above the
glabella, or, more exactly, the centre of the supraorbital line, which, drawn across the narrowest part of the fore- head, separates the face from the cranium.
5. Bregma (Bg). The point of junction of the coronal and
sagittal sutures, (i. Lambda (L). The point of junction of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures.
7. Opisthion. The middle of the posterior margin of the
foramen magnum.
8. Basion (B). The middle of the anterior margin of the
foramen magnum.
On the lateral surface of the cranium are : —
9. Pterion (Pt). The region, near the anterior part of the
temporal fossa, where the great wing of the sphenoid, the squamosal, the parietal, and the frontal bones come near to each other in a varying manner in different individuals,
10. Steplianion {St). The point where the temporal ridge
crosses the coronal suture.
11. Asterion (As). The point, behind the mastoid process,
where the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones meet.
Sometimes a horizontal suture (traces of which are generally visible in the skulls of infants), extending across the supra- occipital, connects the asterion of each side. The upper portion thus intercepted is called an interparietal bone. When a suture on a higher level cuts otF a smaller portion of the supraoccipital, this is called an epactal bone. The former is a permanent retention of an embryonic condition; the latter a mere anomaly.
xvi
INTRODUCTIOK.
The measurements are all stated in millimetres, as beino; not only the most convenient divisions of space for the purpose, but those used by the greater number of anatomists. In the case of the height of articulated skeletons, English feet and inches are added, to facilitate comparisons hj those who are more accustomed to such measures.
The length of all the principal bones of the limbs of every skeleton has been given. In important specimens, or when the lengths have differed sensibly on the two sides, both right and loft have been measured. When the length of only one side is given, it is the right, and it may be presumed that the other did not differ materially from it. The length given is always the greatest length in the direction of the lono- axis of the bone, measured between two plane surfaces placed one at each end of the bone and perpendicular to the axis. In tlie tibia, however, the spine is omitted, the length being taken from the middle of the upper edge of the internal tuberosity to the apex of the malleolus.
The measurements given of the sknlls are few compar(>d with the number that would be required in a catalogue professedly descriptive ; but they are those which seemed, after much con- sideration, to be the most important in indicating the general characters of the head and face as revealed in their osseous framework. Great care has been taken to ensure their accuracy; in most cases they have been repeated more than once, at con- siderable intervals of time. Mathematical precision, however, is impossible in osteological measurements, as, independently of other difficulties, bone varies in bulk according to surrounding conditions to an extent far greater than is generally supposed. I have found by repeated experiments, in confirmation of those of Broca *, that a cranium will vary, not only in capacity, but as much as 5 millimetres in its circumference, and a femur 2 or
* " Etudes sur les Propridtes IlTgrom61riqncs des Crnnes considt^r6es (Inns leurs rapports avcc la Craniomdtrie " (Revue d'.Vuthropologie, .Janvier 1874).
INTRODUCTIOX.
XVll
3 millimetres in its length, according as it is dry or damp, shrinking when dry and expanding when wet, the state of the atmosphere being quite sufficient to affect it. This circumstance will doubtless account for many discrepancies in measurements, and show that, although accuracy up to a certain point is abso- lutely essential, excessively minute measurements, and especially calculations of indices to numerous decimals based upon such measurements, involve only waste of labour and printing.
It may, however, be worth while mentioning, especially for beginners, that in recording measurements of whatever kind it is very important to put down, not the last, but the nearest unit of measurement to the length of the object measured ; if, for instance, it measures ten millimetres and any fraction less than a half, to set it down as 10, but if more than a half, to set it down as 11. Otherwise, in adding up a large number of figures there will be sensible loss on the whole ; whereas if this is attended to, what is gained in some cases counterbalances what is lost in others, and the general sum is accurate — the more so, of course, the larger the number of figures added. The same principle must be observed in calculating indices. Whatever be the last decimal figure used, it should always have reference to the next that would follow. If this is below 5 no notice will be taken of it, but if above 5 the last figure recorded must be augmented by 1 ; thus "6789 must be abbreviated into "7, '68, or '679, not into '6, "67, or '678. This rule has been invariably followed in all the calculations in the present work.
The measurements of ci-ania, except the circumference and capacity, have all been taken with one instrument, a sliding caliper, which combines the purposes of the French compas d'Spaisseur and compas-glissiere. It has been found so conve- nient for all cranial as well as other osteological measurements that a sketch of it is subjoined (fig. 2). The larger dimensions of the cranium are taken with the curved arms, the smaller ones, as those of the nose and orbit, with the shorter pointed arms. The
h
xviii
INTRODUCTION.
instrument can be made portable, the fixed arm, or that most distant from the handle, being removable, and the sliding arm following it ; both can thus be placed in a case by the side of
Fig. 2.
Cranioiueter : one fifth tlie actual size.
the stem ; but for museum or laboratory work the perfect stability of a fixed instrument is preferable.
To avoid the labour of making innumerable calculations with risk of error in every case, tables have been constructed for finding the principal indices, which are more convenient for reference and more exact than any of the mechanical instruments devised for the purpose. As such tables will be found useful by all who are working at craniometry in this museum or else- where, they have been printed at the end of the catalogue. The principal one, that for the length and breadth indices, is almost identical with that published by Welcker *, which was not known to me until after the present one was computed ; but as that table is not at present very accessible, and also contains several slight errors, it has been thought that the reproduction of a similar one in this work would still be acceptable.
In these indices three figures have been given, the last, however, as mentioned above, always modified in reference to the one which succeeds it. These, as they stand, may be considered as thousandths, but by placing a dot after the second or first figure they may be converted into hundredths or tenths if desired. The frequent practice in France of giving four * Archiv fiir Anthropologie, Band iii., 1868.
INTllODUCTION.
XIX
figures for indices, viz. hundredths followed by two decimals, appears to me to be very unnecessary, and to give an entirely fictitious appearance of accuracy, considering that the data from which the indices are calculated are measurements which, taken by different individuals or by the same individual at different times, rarely if ever coincide with absolute accuracy. Indeed, for most purposes, two figures are quite as likely to represent truthfully the required proportion as three.
The measurements and indices selected for record in this Catalogue are as follows, being distinguished by the initial letter : —
C Horizontal circumference. This is taken with the tape in the usual way, passing in front round the supraorbital line (above the glabella) and behind across the most prominent part of the occiput (fig. 1, Op 0). It gives a general idea of the size of the exterior of the cranium.
L. Length. Unfortunately craniometrists are not yet in accord as to the best method of taking this important measurement, which aftects considerably the two fol- lowing indices. It is here always taken by placing one arm of the craniometer on the ophryon, and the other on the most distant part of the occiput (fig. 1, Op 0). The glabella, which is properly a part of the face, and which may vary much in development without any alteration in the essential form of the cranium, is thus excluded.
B. Breadth, is the greatest parietal breadth.
Bi. Index of breadth. Latitudinal index or cephalic index. B. X 100 L. •
H. Height. Of the various methods of estimating the height, the one here used is that generally adopted by the French anthropologists — that is, the distance between the basion and the bregma (fig. 1, B Bg).
Hi. Index of height, or altitudinal index. H. x 100^
XX
INTRODUCTION.
BN. Basinasal length. Basion to nasioii.
BA. Basialveolar length. Basion to alveolar point, or the
most distant part o£ the anterior margin of the alveolar
arch.
Ai. Alveolar index. ■— ^R^f~-' This affords the readiest
method of estimating the amount of forward projection of the jaw. It is not always perfectly accurate, as it is affected by any abnormal position of the basion, independently of the real relation of the face to the cranium ; but these cases are comparatively rare, and scarcely affect large averages. Unfortunately, in crania in which the incisor teeth have been lost durins: life and the alveolar margin absorbed, the basialveolar length, and consequently the alveolar index, cannot be obtained. As will be seen in the sequel, this index forms one of the most important characteristics of race.
Nh. Nasal height. A vertical line between the nasion and the lower border of the nasal aperture.
Nw. The greatest width of the nasal aperture.
Ni. Nasal Index. "^^ ' ^ ^00 Nh.
Ow. Orbital width. The inner point of measurement is the spot where the ridge which forms the posterior boundary of the lacrj^mal groove meets the fronto-lacrymal suture. This is rather behind the dacryon of Broca (point of junction of the frontal, ascending process of maxilla, and lacrymal), and completely excludes the lacrymal groove from the measurement. The outer point is the most distant part from this on the front edge of the outer border of the orbit.
Oh. Orbital height. The distance between the upper and lower margins of the orbit at the middle.
The right orbit, unless injured or of abnormal form, is that usually measured.
INTRODUCTION.
xxi
n- n u-* 1 • 1 Oh- X 100
(Ji. Orbital index. — •
Uw.
Ca. Capacity in cubic centimelres. This is one o£ the most important and difficult measurements. It is hoped that the figures here given may be relied upon ; at all events no pains have been spared to ensure accuracy, as far ns it can be attained. Many thousands of experiments have been made to ascertain the best process; and most of the crania have been gauged several times over. The material used has been mustard- seed, with which the cranium is filled to its maximum. The measurement of the seed is then taken with the choremometer designed and con- structed by Mr. Busk *. The accuracy of the method has frequently been verified upon crania specially pre- pared, so that their capacity could be ascertained with absolute exactness by filling them with mercury or water. The details of the method of measurement, and the reasons for the preference of this method to that which has been elaborated with so much care and ingenuity by M. Broca, will be given elsewhere.
At the conclusion of the Catalogue the average measurements of each race are tabulated, so that they can be readily compared, and some observations are made upon the results. These will, I trust, serve to show that, although the measurements of indivi- duals give great variations in every race, there are some tangible characters by which the broader divisions of the human species can be distinguished — at all events, that certain characteristics prevail in one, and certain others in a different race. If the measurements given had been more numerous, probably many other interesting results would have been elucidated ; but the purpose of the Catalogue has been only to illustrate the general outlines of the subject. The specimens which would be required to demonstrate the subdivisions of the great groups, the cha- racteristics of which can only be brought out by more minute
* See ' Journal of the Anthropological Institute,' vol. iii. p. 200, pi. xii.
xxu
INTRODUCTION.
and complicated systems o£ measurement, are not sufficiently numerous to give fair averages, and in many cases are entirely wanting. It is hoped that the publication of this Catalogue, by showing the deficiencies of the collection, will lead to many of them being supplied by those who have the opportunity of so doing.
Mr. Busk, Chairman of the Museum Committee, whose long- continued and successful labours in the department of physical anthropology are so well known, has been good enough to read the proofs of this Catalogue while passing through the press. Thanks are also due to Dr. Garson, Assistant in the Museum, for similar aid, and to Mr. John M'Ara, Museum Attendant, for calculating the various tables of indices and averages.
CONTENTS.
I. GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
Page
A. Development of the Human Skeleton.
a. Up to the time of birth 1
(}. Progress of ossification after birth 5
B. Osteology of Adult Man.
Skeletons 7
Normal Crania 10
Crania of unusually small size (Microcephalic) .... 12
Crania of unusually large size (Megacephalic) 13
Crania showing an unusual development of Wormian or
other accessory ossicles in the sutures 14
Crania showing Metopism, or persistence of the frontal
suture 17
Crania the form of which appears to have been altered by
premature synostosis of some of the sutures .... 18
Crania presenting various other anomalies of conformation . 22
Preparations of Skulls 24
Pelves 25
Structure of difi'erent parts of the Human Skeleton shown
by means of sections 27
Variations of the Human Skeleton in regard to Stature . . 30
II, DENTITION OF MAN.
Normal Dentition 33
Hunterian Specimens illustrating Dentition 34
XXIV
CONTENTS.
III. SPECIAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN,
or Illustrations of the Osteological Characters of the various Races of Mankind.
Page
a 1. Eaelt Eaobs of Man.
a. Palajolithic . 45
h. Neolithic • 50
c. Bronze 54
cl. Ancient British 56
e. Roman 59
/. Anglo-Saxon 60
1. Europe.
A. The British Isles.
a. England.
a. Ancient British, or presumably ancient, though
of uncertain date 61
ft. Roman and Romano- British 64
y. Anglo-Saxon Period 68
5. Of uncertain date, or Modern 71
h. Wales 78
c. Scotland 79
d. Ireland 81
B. France.
a. Ancient 82
h. Modern 84
C. The Spanish Peninsula 89
1>. Italy.
a. Ancient 90
h. Modern 96
E. Greece and the Ancient Greek Colonies.
a. Ancient 114
h. Modern 115
F. Central Europe (the Netherlands, Germany, and Switzer-
land) 117
G. The Danubian Provinces 120
H. Scandinavia 121
I. Russia 126
CONTENTS. XXV
Page
2. North Africa.
A. The Canary Islands 127
B. Algiers and Tunis 129
C. Egypt 131
3. Asia.
A. Turkey, Syria, and Arabia 153
B. India 159
C. Ceylon 212
D. Siberia and Central Asia 218
Da. Persia 219
E. China 220
F. Formosa 22&
G. Japan 226
H. Burmah 229
I. The Indo-Malayan Archipelago 231
4. Polynesia (including New Zealand) 241
5. America.
A. Eskimo 259
B. West Coast of North America 264
C. Eastern and Central Regions of North America . . . 273
D. Central America and the Antilles 276
E. Guiana and Colombia 278
F. Brazil 280
G. Peru, Bolivia, and Chile 281
H. Patagonia 309
I. Tierra del Fuego 312
6. ArSTRALIA.
A. North Australia 314
B. Queensland 318
C. New South Wales 320
D. Yictoria 322
E. South Australia 325
F. Western Australia 333
Australians of unknown Locality 334
c
xxvi
CONTENTS.
7. Melanesia.
A. Tasmania 337
B. New-Caledonian Group 343
C. Fijian Group 347
D. Tokelau or Union Group 354
E. New-Hebrides Group 355
F. Solomon Islands 362
G. Papua, or New Guinea 365
H. Molucca Group 374
I. The Andaman Islands 374
8. Africa south of the Sahaea.
A. African Negroes of unknown Locality 380
B. West Coast of Africa 384
C. The Soudan and Central Africa 396
D. Eastern Africa 399
E. South Africa 405
E. Madagascar 417
On the Ceanial Measueements as Chaeacteristic of Kace . . 418
Table I. — To calculate Cranial Indices 426
Table II.- — To calculate Nasal and Orbital Indices 4;iU
Table III. — To calculate Alveolar Indices 4;iO
List of SrEciMEKS showing Abnormalities 4.32
OSTEOLOGICAL CATALOGUE.
PART I.
I. GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
The specimens in this series are mostly from English or at least European subjects, or of unknown origin.
A. Development of the Human Skeleton.
The structure and growth of bone generally, as far as it can be shown in specimens preserved in spirit, is illustrated in the Physio- logical Series, Preparations A. 97 to A. 187, described in the first volume of the Catalogue of that series.
The following specimens only show the progress of ossification.
a. Up to the time of birth *.
1. The skeleton of a foetus, one inch (25"5 mm.) in height (about the end of the second month of intra-uterine life). O.C. 5814.
This specimen was originally part of the Sloane Museum.
British Museum. Purchased, 1809.
* The ages assigned to these embryonic skeletons are merely approxi- mate, and inferred from the state of development, no precise dates having been obtained with the specimens. The heights are given from the vertex to the heel, but, owing to the sliriuking of the dried cartilages, aie less than would have been the case in the original conditiuu.
B
2
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
1^ Skeleton of a fcetus about the seventh week, 48 mm. in height. Presented hy Sir Erasmus Wilson.
2. The skeleton of a foetus, one inch and three quarters (45 mm.) in height (between the second and third month). 0. C. 5815. Hunterian.
8. The skeleton of a foetus, two inches and three quarters (70 mm.) in height (three months). 0. C. 5816.
Hunterian.
4. The skeleton of a fcfetus, slightly more advanced.
Presented hy G. W. Machnurdo, Esq., 1857.*
5. The skeleton of a foetus^ four inches (102 mm.) in height
(between three and four months).
Presented hy G. W. Machnurdo, Esq., 1857.
6. The skeleton of a foetus, four and three quarter inches
(120 mm.) in height, wanting the left arm (four months). O.C. 5818.
From the collection of the late John Heaviside, Esq.
Purchased, 1829.
7. The skeleton of a foetus, slightly more advanced. O.C. 5819.
Heaviside Collection. Purchased, 1829.
8. The skeleton of a foetus, five and a half inches (140 mm.) in
height (four months).
Presented hy G. W. Machnurdo, Esq., 1857.
9. The skeleton of a foetus, six inches (152 mm.) in height
(between four and five months). 0. C. 5820.
Heaviside Collection. Purchased, 1829.
10. The skeleton of a foetus, seven inches (178 mm.) in
height (five months).
Presei^ted hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 18C9.
11. The skeleton of a foetus of tlie same size. 0. C. 5821.
1 Hunterian.
* The series of foetal skeletons presented by Mr. Mackmurdo were pur- chased hy that gentleman in Paris.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN SKELETON. 3
12. The skeleton of a foetus, seven and a half inches (191 mm.)
in height (five months).
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857.
13. The skeleton of a foetus, eight inches (204 mm.) in height
(between five and six months).
Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1869.
14. The skeleton of a foetus, eight and a quarter inches
(210 mm.) in height (between five and six months).
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857.
15. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same size.
Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1869.
16. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same size. Purchased, 1861.
17. The skeleton of a foetus, nine and a half inches (241 mm.)
in height (six months). 0. C. 5822.
Heaviside Collection. Purchased, 1829.
18. The skeleton of a foetus, ten inches (254 mm.) in height,
wanting the right arm.
Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1869.
19. The skeleton of a foetus, ten and a half inches (267 mm.) in
height (six months.) 0. C. 5823. Hunterian.
20. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same height.
Purchased, 1861.
21. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same height.
Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857,
22. The skeleton of a foetus, eleven inches (279 mm.) in height
(between six and seven months). 0. C. 5824.
Hunterian.
23. The skeleton of a foetus, twelve inches (304 mm.) in height.
Purchased, 1861.
24. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same heio;ht.
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857,
B 2
4 GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
25. The skeleton of a foetus, thirteen and a half inches (342 mm.)
in height (seven months). Purchased, 1861.
26. The skeleton of a foetus, fifteen inches in height.
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857.
27. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same height.
Purchased, 1861.
28. The skeleton of a foetus, fifteen and a half inches (394 mm.)
in height (eight mouths). Purchased, 1861.
29. A skeleton, sixteen and a half inches (421 mm.) in height,
being that of a foetus of nine months or a child at birth.
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
30. A skeleton of the same age.
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867,
31. A skeleton of the same age. Purchased, 1861.
32. A skeleton of the same age. 0. C. 5825.
Presented hy Sir William Blizard, 1811.
33. A skeleton of the same age, eighteen inches (456 mm.) in
height. 0. C. 5826. Hunterian.
34. The separated bones of the skeleton of a child at birth.
Purchased.
35. The separated bones of the skeleton of an unusually well-
developed still-born male child, weighing ten and a quarter pounds. Prepared in 1869.
36. The cranium of a child at or before birth. 0. C. 5827.
Hunterian.
37. The skull of a child at birth. 0. C. 5828.
British Museum. Purchased, 1809.
38. The cranium of a child at birth. Purchased, 1866.
39. The skull of a child at birth. Purchased, 1866.
40. The skull of a child at birth.
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
41. The skull of a child at birth.
Presented by G. W, Madmurdo, Esq., 1867.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAX SKELETON. O
42. The skull of a child at birth.
Preserited hy G. W. Mackmunlo, Esq., 1867.
42 \ The skull of a child at birth. 1
42 ^ The cranium of a child or foetus. I Erasmus Wilson, 4:2 ^ The cranium of a foetus. 1883. 42 *. The cranium of a foetus. >
43. The skull of a female child at birth, longitudinally and
vertically bisected. Prepared in 1869.
44. The skull of a child at birth.
45. A preparation of a foetal skull. 0. C. 5882.
Pi'esented by Professor Owen.
46. The bones of a foetal skull, separated and artificially con-
nected with each other. 0. C. 5880. Purchased.
47. The separated bones of a fostal skull. 0. C. 5881.
Heaviside Collection. Purchased, 1829.
48. Three portions of the vertebral column of a foetus. De-
scribed in the Old Catalogue, Nos. 5877, 5878, and 5879. Presented hy Professor Owen.
/3. Progress of ossification after birth.
49. The separated bones of the skeleton of a female child aged
fifteen months. The twelfth pair of ribs are rudi- mentary. Prepared in 1864,
49 K Articulated skeleton of a boy aged sixteen months.
Purchased, 1888.
50. The articulated skeleton of a boy about two years of age.
0. C. 5830. British Museum. Purchased, 1809.
51. The separated bones of the skeleton of a male child, aged
two and a half years (slightly rachitic).
Prepared in 1866.
52. The skeleton of a child about eight years of age.
53. The separated bones of a male child nine years of age.
Prevared in 1864.
6
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
53 ^ The separated bones of the skeleton of a child aged twelve
years. Purchased, 1891.
54. The articulated skeleton of a boy about twelve years of age.
0. C. 5831. British Museum. Purchased, 1809.
54 \ The skeleton of a youth aged 14 years. 1888. 542. „ „ „ 15 „ -|
54 \ „ „ „ 16 „ J> Purchased, 1891.
54 ^ „ „ „ 18 „ J
55. The skull of an infant about eight months of age.
Purchased, 1868.
56. The skull of a child about three years of age. All the
milk-teeth are in place ; the germs of the second denti- tion are displayed. The basioccipital bone is wanting.
Presented hy Joseph Hodgson, Esq., 1869.
57. The skull of a somewhat older child. A horizontal section
has been made through the calvarium.
58. The skull of a child five or six years of age, verticall}'- and
longitudinally bisected.
59. The bones of the skull, separated and artificially connected,
of a child about seven years of age. The milk-dentition and the first permanent molars are in place. 0. C. 5883.
Purchased, 1840.
60. The frontal, parietal, and occipital bones of a child. 0. C.
5884. Presented hy Professor Oicen.
61. The skull of a young European. 0. C. 5742.
The basilar suture is not closed. The second molars are fully developed, but the posterior molars are not yet in place. The left lower milk-molar is retained.
Hunterian.
62. The femur of a young person, longitudinally bisected, to
show the internal structure and the detached epiphyses of the head, great trochanter, and lower articular extremity. The epiphysis forming the lesser trochanter is partially \inited to the shaft. Purchased.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN SKELETON.
7
63. A similar preparation of a tiuia, showing the epiphyses at
both extremities. Probably from the same person as the last. Purchased.
63 ^ The skeleton of the foot of a child ten years old.
Presented by Luther Holden, Esq., 1879.
64. The pelvis of a young child.
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
64 ^ The pelvis of a child.
65. The pelvis of a child.
Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
66. The pelvis of a young person, probably female, in which
the three elements of the innominate bone have not completely coalesced.
Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
B. Osteology of Adult Man.
In this series are arranged specimens which are either normal or show only slight individual peculiaritieSj i. e. deviations from the normal condition not sufficiently marked to be included in the Terato logical Series *.
67. The articulated skeleton of a male European. 0. C. 5569.
Height 1715 = 5 feet 7"5 inches.
Clavicle 157, humerus 340, radius 256, femur 482, tibia 378. Cranium: circumference 527, length 186, breadth 140, index of breadth 753, height 131, index of height 704, capacity 1470.
Himterian.
68. The articulated skeleton of a male European. 0. C. 5832.
Height 1732 = 5 feet 8-2 inches.
Clavicle 160, humerus 322, radius 248, femur 479, tibia 372. Cranium : C. 54a, L. 190, B. 142, Bi. 747, H. 139, Hi. 732, Ca. 1620.
Hunterian.
* For these see the ' Descriptive Catalogue of tlie Teratological Series,' 1893. It need scarcely be said that it is impossible to draw any defiuite line between individual peculiarity and actual malformation. In arranging and cataloguing a museum convenience in the disposition of the specimens has often to be taken into consideration.
8
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
69. The articulated skeleton of a Frenchman. 0. C. 5571.
Height 1698^5 feet 6-9 inches.
Clavicle 152, humerus 358, radius 254, femur 483, tibia 381. Cranium : C. 543, L. 188, B. 152, Bi. 809, H. 125, Hi. 665, Ca. 1550. The forehead is unusually low and retreating.
Purchased, 1844.
70. The articulated skeleton o£ a French woman. O. C. 5572.
This and the last show well the differential sexual characters of the osseous system.
Height 1582 = 5 feet 2-3 inches.
Clavicle 135, humerus 300, radius 229, femur 422, tibia 350. Cranium : C. 500, L. 178, B. 130, Bi. 730, H. 118, Hi. 663, Ca. 1210.
Purchased, 1844.
70 The articulated skeleton of an English woman, aged 24.
The natural position of the bones, as ascertained by measure- ments and casts taken before maceration, has been carefully preserved.
Height 1581 = 5 feet 2 inches.
Clavicle, I. 144 ; humerus, r. 320, I. 319 ; radius, r. 224, I. 220 ; femur, r. 440, I. 437 ; tibia, r. 349, I. 350.
Cranium: C. 482, L. 167, B. 137, Bi. 820, H. 116, Hi. 695, BN. 91, BA. 86, Ai. 945, Nh. 42, Nw. 19, Ni. 452, Ow. 35, Oh. 32, Oi. 914, Ca. 1280.
71. The articulated skeleton of an Englishman. 0. C. 5570.
It has twenty-five prtesacral vertebra. The supplemental vertebra has the character of a last dorsal on the right side, and of a first lumbar on the left side.
Height 1807=5 feet 11-1 inches.
Clavicle 149, humerus 336, radius 253, femur 507, tibia 389. Cranium : C. 510, L. 189, B. 138, Bi. 730, H. 134, Hi. 709, Ca. 1485.
Purchased.
72. The left half of the axial portion of a human skeleton,
divided in the longitudinal and antero-})Osterior direction.
The proximal portions of the extremities are retained in this Fpecimen.
Purchased .
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT JIAN.
9
73. The skull, vertebral column and pelvis, in longituilinal and
antero-posterior section. Articulated. Purchased.
73 ^ The right half of human vertebral column.
Presented by Professor D. J. Cunningham, 1889.
74. The separated bones of the skeleton of a male European
(wanting the skull). These are all severally described in the former catalogue, being numbered 5573 to 5707, which numbers are retained upon them for the purpose of comparison with the descriptions in that work.
Purchased.
75. The skeleton of an Englishman, aged 38.
The vertebral column, ribs, sternum, pelvis, and bones of the right extremities are mounted in the " separate series " of homo- logous bones.
Clavicle 148, humerus 337, radius 248, femur 439, tibia 378.
Prepared in 1863.
75 ^ The skeleton of an Englishman, aged 44.
The bones are not in good condition, having been injected.
Clavicle, r. 145, J. 143 ; humerus, r. 315, I. 320 ; radius, r. 232, I. 229 ; ulna, r. 252, Z. 251 ; femur, r. 438, I. 444 ; tibia, r. 360, I. 362 ; fibula, r. 358, I. 357.
Pelvis: B. 297, H. 228, JDB. 108, conj. 134, TDO. 92.
C. 514, L. 182, B. 144, Bi. 791, H. 123, Hi. 676, BN. 101, BA. 104, Ai. 10 50, Nh. 54, Nw. 20, Ni. 481, Ow. 39, Oh. 34, Oi. 872, Ca. 1315.
Prepared in the College, 1882.
76. The separated bones of an adult male^ complete except the
skull.
Clavicle 166, humerus 344, radius 255, femur 477, tibia 381.
Presented hy G. W. Machnurdo, Esq., 1867.
76 ^ The skull and skeleton of the trunk articulated. Probably French.
C. 555, L. 182, B. 168, Bi. 923, H. 135, Hi. 742, BIST. 98, BA. 96, Ai. 980, Nh. 49, Nw. 26, Ni. 531, Ow. 40, Oh. 35, Oi. 875, Ca. 1930.
Presented hy Sir Erasmus Wilson, 1883.
10
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
J!\ormal Crania.
11. The skull of an Englishman, S *■ 0. C. 5733.
C. 546, L. 194, B. 144, Bi. 742, H. 139, Hi. 716, Ca. 1780.
Pur'chased.
78. The skull of an Englishman, S ■ 0. C. 5734.
C. 520, L. 186, B. 144, Bi. 774, H. 130, Hi. 699, Ca. 1475.
Purchased.
79. The cranium of an Englishman, S ■ 0. C. 5737.
" Skull of a young Englishman, who poisoned himself in the Island of Pulo Pinang" (Catalogue of 1831).
C. 473, L. 169, B. 127, Bi. 751, H. 126, Hi. 746, Ca. 1190.
Presented by Dr. Henderson, 1822.
80. The skull of a European, 0. C. 5735.
C. 518, L. 183, B. 139, Bi. 760, H. 135, Hi. 738, Ca. 1510.
Hunterian.
81. The skull of a European, 0. C. 5736.
C. 487, L. 170, B. 137, Bi. 806, H. 132, Hi. 776, Ca. 1375.
Hunterian.
82. The cranium of a European, . 0. C. 5743.
The right posterior molar is ohliquely placed within its alveolus.
C. 547, L. 195, B. 145, Bi. 744, H. 133, Hi. 682, Ca. 1710.
Hunterian.
83. The cranium of a European, c? • 0. C. 5744.
From a person advanced in years. The coronal, sagittal, and lambdoidal sutures are partly obliterated. Both zygomatic arches are curiously bent inwards near the middle of their length.
C. 525, L. 188, B. 140, Bi. 745, H. 130, Hi. 691, Ca. 1500.
Hunterian.
84. The cranium of a European, ? . 0. C. 5747.
C. 518, L. 183, B. 135, Bi. 738, H. 115, Hi. 628, Ca. 1375.
Hunterian.
* The signs c? and J ore used when the sex is merely inferred from the characters of the skull ; the words " male " and " female " when it is known from more certain evidence.
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT MAX.
11
85. A cranium, attributed to a Chinese in the Catalogue of
1831, ? . O.C. 5752. C. 490, L. 178, B. 126, Bi. 708, H. 127, Hi. 713.
Iluiiterian.
86. A cranium, ascribed in the Catalogue of 1831 (No. 93,
p. 16) to " a native of New Holland,'* but, as pointed out in the Catalogue of 1851, presenting none of the special characters of the Australian race : S • 0. C. 5754. C. 496, L. 175, B. 136, Bi. 777, H. 127, Hi. 726.
Hunterian.
87. A very brachycephalic skull, ^ ,
C. 528, L. 173, B. 157, Bi. 908, H. 152, Hi. 879.
Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
88. A brachycephalic cranium, ^ .
The posterior half of the sagittal suture is situated in a lon- gitudinal depression.
0. 527, L. 173, B. 155, Bi. 896, H. 134, Hi. 775.
Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
88 ^ A brachycephalic skull.
C. 513, L. 172, B. 150, Bi. 872, H. 136, Hi. 791, BN. 93, BA. 90, Ai. 968, Nh. 47, Nw. 30, Ni. 638, Ow. 39, Oh. 33, Oi. 846, Ca. 1575.
Purchased, 1893,
89. A cranium, S. 0. C. 5749.
The occipital region appears to have been artificially flattened in infancy, perhaps unintentionally. The parietal foramina, situated in a smooth depressed obelion, are double on both sides.
C. 490, L. 165, B. 147, Bi. 891, H. 129, Hi. 781.
Hunterian,
90. The cranium of an Englishman, in which a longitudinal
vertical section has been made passing through the left orbit, for comparison with the crania of an Australian (No. 5760 O.C.) and of a Negro (No. 5761 O.C), similarly prepared. 0. C. 5762. C. 516, L. 181, B. 138, Bi. 762, H. 128, Hi. 707.
Prepared in 1852.
12
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
91. The skull, said to be that of an aged female. Though
perfectly edentulous, none of the cranial sutures are obliterated. 0. C. 5886.
Probably the subject of the figure illustrative of the effects of the loss of teeth in both jaws, given bj' Hunter in his work ' On the Natural History of the Human Teeth,' pi. vii. (1771). C. 498, L. 178, B. 132, Bi. 742, H. 114, Hi. 640, Ca. 1325.
Hunterian.
92. The skull of an aged edentulous person, S ■ 0. C. 5887.
The cranial sutures are very simple and partially consolidated. C. 495, L. 167, B. 140, Bi. 838, H. 127, Hi. 760.
Hunterian.
93. The skull of a person who had lost all the teeth during life.
0.0. 5888.
The cranial sutures are more complex than in the last, and but partially consolidated.
C. 523, L. 190, B. 132, Bi. 695, H. 131, Hi. 689.
Presented hy Sir William Blizard, 1811.
94. The skull of a person who had lost all the teeth during life.
0. 0. 5889.
The cranial sutures are not consolidated, except at the obelion.
C. 499, L. 177, B. 133, Bi. 751, H. 130, Hi. 730.
Hunterian.
95. The skull of an aged edentulous person.
The cranial sutures are almost entirely consolidated, and the parietal bones are much atrophied.
C. 510, L. 184, B. 134, Bi. 728, H. 129, Hi. 701.
Crania of abnormally small size {Microcephalic).
95 ^ The cranium of a man from Southern India. Perfectly adult, all the teeth have been in place, and the one molar left shows considerable wear. Basilar suture united, but other sutures open and normal. See Journal of Anthro- pological Institute, vol. iii. 1893-4, p. 2G5, where it is very fully figured (pis. xv.-xvi.). A Canarese by birth of healthy appearance, he presented
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT MAN.
13
nothing remarkable until his head was uncovered, which then struck attention by its small size, conical shape, and the pro- jection of the large ears. In intellect he was a mere idiot, though gifted with some power of imitation. His height was 5 feet 6 inches, weight 89 lbs. The circumference of the head was 16 inches, and the transverse arc 9"5 inches.
C. 350, L. 127, B. 95, Bi. 748, H. 100, Hi. 787, BN. 86, BA. 85, Ai. 988, Nh. 41, Nw. 21, Ni. 512, Ow. 33, Oh. 28, Oi. 848, Ca. 445.
Presented hy Dr. John SJiortt, Deputy Surgeon-General
Madras Army, 1880.
95 ^. The cranium of an English woman, who died August 20, 1877, in the Earlswood Asylum, aged 24.
She was a congenital imbecile, the firstborn of her parents. As regards her intellectual capacity, she was very fond of man, had good powers of imitation, could count a little, had a fair memory for names of persons and common things, was able to use her hands sufficiently to hem towels and take part in the work in the dormitories. Her speech was only slightly defective, her sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch being quite normal. In her last years she was subject to slight epileptic fits. She died of valvular disease of the heart and dropsy.
Further details of her case and a photograph will be found in the Museum letter-book (August 10th, 1881). Brain weighed 16 oz.
C. 365?, L. 127, B. 101, Bi. 795, H. 95, Hi. 748, BN. 80, BA. 85, Ai. 1063, Nh. 45, Nw. 18, Ni. 400, Ow. 35, Oh. 34, Oi. 971, Ca. 500?
Presented by Dr. G. W. Grahham, 1881.
Crania of unusually large size {MegacepJialic) .
96. A cranium (said to have been brought from India) of re- markable size and weight, the bones being everywhere thick and massive, but with no signs of disease, past or present : c? •
C. 573, L. 206, B. 148, Bi. 718, H. 151, Hi. 733, Ca. 1830.
Purchased, 1862.
14 GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
97. A cranium of still larger size, and with the mastoid pro-
cesses and the muscular ridges greatly deA'eloped : .
The venous foramen behind the left mastoid process is unusually large.
C. 577, L. 209, B. 150, Bi. 718, H. 140, Hi. 670, Ca. 1900.
Presented hy H, C. Hoods, Esq., 1851.
98. A very large and heavy skull : •
The enlargement is chiefly in the parietal and occipital regions. The facial bones are comparatively thin and light. The sagittal and lambdoidal sutures are completely obliterated ; the coronal nearly so. There is no evidence of disease of the bones ; but the person to whom it belonged may have been hydrocephalic in early life.
C. 605, L. 210, B. 168, Bi. 800, H. 135, Hi. 643, Ca. 2060.
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
98 ^. A cranium.
C. 556, L. 193, B. 153, Bi. 793, H. 144, Hi. 746, BN. 114, BA. 112, Ai. 982, Nh, 55, Nw. 28, Ni. 509, Ow. 39, Oh. 34, Oi. 872, Ca. 1630.
J. MarshaU, Esq., 1892.
99. A very large, long, depressed, and broad cranium, with
prominent erect frontal region and comparatively small facial bones.
The mastoid processes and muscular ridges are feebly deve- loped ; and all the general characters (except size) are feminine. The peculiarities of form may be due to a slight amount of hydrocephalus in early life, causing an even distention of the cranial parietes. The squamosals almost meet the frontals at the pterion.
C. 575, L. 204, B. 153, Bi. 750, H. 132, Hi. 647, Ca. 2075.
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
Crania showing an unusual development of Wormian or other accessory ossicles in the sutures.
100. The skull of a person of middle age who appears to have
suffered in early life from hydrocejjhaliis : .
There is great bulging of the lateral walls of the cranium and of the squama occipitis, which has been forced away from the parietals, and the interspace filled with irregular Wormiun
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT MAN'.
15
ossicles. The cranium is now dense and solid, and the coronal and sagittal sutures are completely obliterated.
As this and some of the following are clearly pathologically altered specimens, the measurements are not of interest.
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
101. A skull (said to be that of an Englishman) with a similar
but less marked prominence of the squama occipitis, and with a very regular and nearly symmetrical develop- ment of Wormian ossicles in the lambdoidal suture. 0. C. 5738.
There are also two such ossicles in the coronal suture (right side), where they are much less common. The mastoid pro- cesses are remarkably small.
PimJiased.
102. The cranium of a European, with a similnr prominence of
the supraoccipital and a development of Wormian bones
in the lambdoidal suture. 0. C. 5892.
The upper third of the frontal suture is persistent. The squamosal sends a process to join the frontal on both sides of the head.
Hu7iterian.
103. A calvaria with a similar conformation of the occipital
region and an anterior projection of the forehead. 0. C. 5893. Presented hy Dr. W. E. Leach.
104. A skull with an abnormally prominent occipital region, in
which a horizontal suture, passing from one asterion to the other, intercepts a distinct interparietal bone, which is itself divided into two by a nearly vertical suture situated to the left of the middle line : ^ .
There is also a large Wormian bone at the anterior end of the sagittal suture, and -a distinct ossicle (epipteric) placed above the great wing of each sphenoid.
Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
105. A cranium with a very prominent occipital region, a single
large epactal and several small Wormian bones : •
The frontal suture is persistent. The parietal foramina are both in the form of transverse linear apertures 6 millimetres in length.
Presented hy G. W. Machmiirdo. Esq., 1867.
16
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAX.
106. The cranium of a European with a prominent occiput and
a beautiful and tolerably symmetrical arrangement of Wormian ossicles in the lambdoidal and hinder part of the sagittal sutures : S • 0. C. 5894.
Presented hy Sir William BUzard, 1811.
107. A calvaria with numerous Wormian ossicles in the
lambdoidal, and through the whole length of the sagittal and in the left coronal sutures. Hunterian.
108. The base of a cranium, showing a remarkable complexity
of the lambdoidal suture.
109. The cranium of an Englishman, with the sutures generally
simple, but with three large symmetrically disposed accessory ossifications in the supraoccipital : c? • 0. C. 5895. Presented hy Sir William BUzard, 1811.
110. An English cranium, with a central and a pair of lateral
large distinct ossifications in the supraoccipital : $ . 0. C. 5896. Hunterian.
111. A cranium with Wormian ossicles in the lambdoidal,
sagittal, and coronal sutures.
112. The cranium of a Hindoo child, with a central and right
lateral large ossification in the supiaoccipital and a distinct ossicle in the right side of the coronal suture.
The milk-deutitiou has been in place ; and the crown of the first permanent molar is just level with the alveolus. The nasals and basioccipital ai"e wanting.
Presented hy Walter Cooper Dendy, Esq., 1869.
112 ^ The skull of a female from Nasirabad, Rajputana, India, with Wormian ossicles in the right side of the lambdoidal suture. Presented by R. Meinertzhayeny Esq., 1906.
113. A cranium with two large Wormian bones in the anterior
end of the sagittal suture, besides three very symmetri- cally dis{)0sed in the upper part of the lambdoidal suture: S- 0. ('. 5753. Hunterian.
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT MAN.
17
114. A cranium with numerous Wormian bones and a laroe
accessory ossicle (epactal bone) in the lambdoidal suture : (J. Presented hy G. fV. 3Iackmitrdo, Esq., 18G7.
115. A mutilated skull, said (erroneously) to be that of a
Negro, with well-marked independent ossicles in the pterion (epipteric bones) on both sides. 0. C. 5369.
Huaterian.
11 G. An elongated and remarkably low and narrow skull, with an epipteric bone on the right side. 0. C. 5383. C. 502, L. 183, B. 125, Bi. 683, H. 122, Hi. 667.
Hunterian.
116 ^ The cranium o£ a Zulu showing an epipteric with a chain o£ Wormian bones continuous with it.
Presented hy Professor G. B. Howes, 1891.
117. The cranium of a new-born infant, with an abnormal
median ossification in the frontal suture.
Presented hy Dr. G. F. A. JVllks, 1878.
Crania showing Metopism, or persistence of tlie frontal suture.
118. A metopic cranium of a European, with a somewhat pro-
jecting supraoccipital region : S ' 0. C. 5745. C. 550, L. 193, B. 147, Bi. 762, H. 136, Hi. 705.
. _ Hunterian.
119. A metopic cranium of a European. 0. C. 5759.
C. 530, L. 178, B. 156, Bi. 876, H. 144, Hi. 809.
Presented hy Sir William Blizard, 1811.
120. A metopic cranium.
C. 510, L. 178, B. 144, Bi. 809, H. 130, Hi. 730.
Presented hy G. W. Machmurdo, Esq., 1867.
121. An edentulous metopic cranium.
Though all the teeth have been lost, and the alveoli absorbed, none of the cranial sutures are obliterated.
C. 547, L. 188, B. 151, Bi. 803, H. 130, Hi. 691.
Presented hy G- W. Macknmrdo, Esq., 1867.
c
18
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
122. An upper portion of a metopic calvaria in which the frontal suture is unusually denticulated.
J 23. An elongated depressed cranium, with a slight annular constriction of the coronal region : ? .
The bones are light and thin. All the teeth have been lost during life ; but all the calvarial sutures, including the frontal, are persistent. The upper edge of both squamosals contain several independent ossifications.
C. 518, L. 185, B. 134, Bi. 724, H. 118, Hi. 638.
Presented hy G. JV. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
C rania the form of which appears to have been altered hy p>reniature synostosis of some of the sutures.
124:. The uppe;r part of a calvaria, showing persistence of the frontal and obliteration of the left half of the coronal suture, with corresponding shortening of the left side of the cranium. The sagittal suture is nearly obliterated; and ossification has advanced further on the right side of the lambdoidal than on the left. 0. C. 5901.
Ilunterian.
124 K A skull (adult male) with a narrow pointed frontal bone.
No trace of the frontal suture remains, there is also total obliteration of the f ronto-sphenoid and lower part of the fronto-parietal sutures. The minimum frontal width is 86 mm., maximum breadth of skull 154.
C. 541, L. 194, B. 154, Bi. 794, H. 142, Hi. 732, BN. 108, BA. 102, Ai. 944, Nh. 54, Nw. 26, Ni. 481, Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. 1705.
Presented by Vertue 2}bbs, Esq., 1886.
125. A cranium, said to be that of a Scot, showing well-marked " scaphocephaly," with complete parietal synostosis. 0. C. 5782.
The other sutures are not obliterated, except the lower ends of the coronal and the apex of the lambdoidal.
C. 535, L. 198, B. 128, Bi. 646, H. 140, Hi. 707, Ca. 1530.
Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart., 1809.
125 ^ A scaphocephalic cranium, dug up near the ruins of
St. Mary's Abbey, York.
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT MAN.
19
C. 526, L. 206, B. 118, Bi. 573, H. 144, Hi. 699, BN. 109, BA. 104, Ai. 954, Nh. 49.
Presented hy Edward Allen, Esq., 1880.
125 ^. A cranium showing well-marked scaphocephaly, and partial obliteration of the lambdoidal and coronal sutures.
C. 510, L. 197, B. 118, Bi. 599, H. 137, Hi. 695, BN. 116, BA. 117, Ai. 1009, Nh. 49, Nw. 30, Ni. 612, Ow. 42, Oh. 38, Oi. 905, Ca. 1335.
Presented hy John Marshall, Esq., 1892.
126. A cranium, in which the parietal region is still more
laterally compressed and carinated than in No. 125.
The squamosals join the froiitals on both sides. The basilar suture is united ; but the posterior molars are not in place. C. 537, L. 203, B. 125, Bi. 616, H. 132, Hi. 650, Ca. 1320.
Presented hy F. Kiernan, Esq., 1871.
127. A similar cranium, said to be that of " a Negro from the
Mozambique." 0. C. 5373. The squamosals articulate with the t'rontals on both sides. C. 490, L. 185, B. Ill, Bi. 600, H. 135, Hi. 730, Ca. 1190.
Purchased.
128. A well-marked scaphocephalic calvaria.
L. 216, B. 119, Bi. 551. p , ; lon^
Purchased, 1854.
128 ^ An Egyptian scaphocephalic cranium of unknown date with mesial forward prolongation of united parietals.
A form of cranium like this is represented on early monu- ments and assigned to important persons.
L. 211, H. 153, Hi. 725, BN. 106, BA. 93, Ai. 877, Nh. 59, Nw. 25, Ni. 424, Ow. 39, Oh. 35, Oi. 897.
Presented hy Flinders Petrle, Esq., 1891.
129. The cranium of a native Fijian, exhibiting a remarkable
degree of scaphocephaly, with complete parietal syn- ostosis : S ■
Brought by the donor from Ovalau. See Journ. Anthrop, Inst., Feb. 11th, 1879.
C. 562, L. 214, B. (frontal) 116, B. (parietal) 112, Bi. 524, H. 150, Hi. 701, Ca. 1620.
Presented by Alfred Corrie, Esq., Surgeon B.JV., 1877.
c2
20
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
129 \ A dolichocephalic skull.
C. 579, L. 221, B. 125, Bi. 566, H 135, Hi. 611, BN. 109, BA. 91, Ai. 835, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Xi. 481, Ow. 38, Oh. 32, Oi. 842, Ca. 1525.
Furchased, 1893.
130. A skull in which the sagittal suture appears to have been
prematurely obliterated.
The consequent deformity is less characteristic than in the preceding specimens. The other calvarial sutures are becoming consolidated; but of the sagittal there is no trace; and the enlarged vascular foramina, so commonly associated with this condition of cranium, are well marked. The specimen -was obtained by the donor in the Mauritius ; but the race to which it belonged is unknown.
C. 500, L. 185, B. 118, Bi. 638, H. 129, Hi. 697. Presented hj Staf -Surgeon Robert Allan, H.M. Arnuj, 1878.
131. A scaphocephalic calvaria^ said to be that or " a Gentoo
from the banks of the Ganges." 0. C 5557.
The bone, as is frequent in these cases, presents numerous vascular foramina in the neighbourhood of the obliterated sagittal suture ; and in this specimen the internal surface has a very marked reticulated appearance, as if caused by a plexus of vessels imbedded in it.
L. 195, B. 112, Bi. 574.
Brookes's Museum. Purchased, 1828.
132. The greater portion of a cranium, consisting of the frontal,
parietal, and occipital bones of a child (" a Gentoo from tlie banks of the Ganges ") affected with parietal syn- ostosis, and of an elongated form, but differing from the preceding crania in the extraordinary prominence of the parietal eminences. 0. C. 5556.
The bone forming the groove for the lodgement of the superior longitudinal sinus is reticulated by numerous channels for blood-vessels, somewhat as in the last specimen.
Brookes's Miiseinn. Purelidsed, 1828.
133. A long and narrow skull, also said to bo that of "a
Gentoo : " . 0. C. 5555.
It belonged to a powerful, muscular man. It presents con- siderable resemblance to the last, though in a less exaggerated
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT MANj
21
degree. Though the cranium is generally narrow, the parietal eminences are very prominent. There is partial parietal syn- ostosis, but affecting only the middle part of the sagittal suture, and api)arently of recent date. This is therefore, iu all probability, not an illustration of the effects of premature synostosis, but is placed here on account of its resemblance to some of the preceding specimens.
C. 560, L. 208, B. 138, Bi. 663, H. 128, Hi. 615.
Purchased.
134. A mutilated calvaria of very peculiar foi'ni, found in a
garden at Caniberwell.
It differs from the scaphocephalic cranium in the retreating forehead, contracted coronal region, and great elevation behind the bregma. Though the lambdoidal and squamosal sutures are free, the frontal, sagittal, and coronal are completely obliterated, and the premature synostosis of the latter may have given rise to the deformity. The superior occipital curved line and inioii are immensely developed.
L. 178, B. 138, Bi. 775.
135. A cranium affected with parietal synostosis, occipital pro-
tuberance, and great and unsymmetrical elevation of the frontal region. 0. C. 5891. C. 520, L. 188, B. 137, Bi. 729, H. 150, Hi. 798.
Hunterian.
1.36. A cranium showing irregular consolidation of the sutures.
The lambdoidal, squamosal, and lower ends of the coronal sutures are open, as is the spheno-parietal on the right side. The left spheno-parietal suture is obliterated. The sagittal and upper part of the coronal sutures are consolidated ; and the bone around presents numerous enlarged vascular cauals, and at two spots near the upper anterior angle of the parietals is atrophied, even to the extent of being perforated. Between these spots there is a faint trace of the median suture.
From the Collection of the late Dr. Elundell.
C. 520, L. 194, B. 133, Bi. 686, H. 139, Hi. 716.
Presented hj Dr. G. A. F. Wills, 1878.
137. A small skull of a female European, compressed and ver- tically elevated. 0. C. 5897.
It exhibits premature synostosis of the coronal and posterior
22
GENEEAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAX.
half of the sagittal suture. The lambdoidal suture is perfectly open, and contains several Wormian bones.
C. 465, L. 166, E. 130, Bi. 783, H. 139, Hi. 837.
Huntenan.
137 ^ A cranium similarly compressed and elevated. The sagittal suture and the lateral parts of the coronal suture are obliterated.
C. 468, L. 165, B. 120, Bi. 727, H. 145, Hi. 879, BN. 95, BA. 94, Ai. 989, Nh. 53, Nw. 23, Ni. 434, Ow. 36, Oh. 35, Oi. 972, Ca. 1375.
Presented hy J. Marshall, Esq., 1892.
137 The cranium of a male European, aged 26, illustrating the " acrocej)l)alic " type of development.
C. 460, L. 157, B. 132, Bi. 841, H. 136, Hi. 866, Oh. 38, Ca. 1305.
Presented hy Dr. F. Parkes Weber, 1897.
137 A cranium showing the " acrocephalic " type of develop-
ment, from Gloucestershire.
Presented hy Wentwortli Sturgeon, Esi]., 1906.
Crania presentmg various other anomalies of conformation.
138. A short round skull, with the frontal region extremely low
and narrow, possibly from the effects of artificial com- pression in infancy, as in the " deformation toidousaine."
The sutures are all partially obliterated, but only by the regular and progressive synostosis of advancing age. The inion is greatly developed.
C. 497, L. 170, B. 145, Bi. 853, H. 135, Hi. 794.
Presented hy G. \V. AJatkniurdo, Esq., 1867.
138 Cranium of Flat-headed Indian f r om South America.
C. 502, L. 164, B. 154, Bi. 939, H. 133, Hi. 811, BN. 99, BA. 108, Ai. 1091, Mi. 47, Nw. 26, Xi. 553, Ow. 41, Oh. 35, Oi. 854, Ca. 1430.
I'resented by J. Marshall, Esq., 1892.
139. The skull of an Engli>h child about seven years of age,
slightly plagiocephalic, every portion of the right side of the cranium being in advance of the corresponding part of the left. 0. C. 5904. As the sutures are quite normal, the obliquity i.s probablv
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT MAK,
23
due to the position in which the child was habitually carried during infancy. The first true molars are nearly in place. The basioccipital and the exoccipitals have become detached and are missing.
Hunterian.
140. A skull with the left paroccipital process greatly developed
and presenting a flattened articular surface for the corre- sponding transverse process of the atlas, ^ . C. 525, L. 176, B. 153, Bi. 869, H. 130, Hi. 739.
141. The base of a skull, with the atlas, of an Englishman.
The paroccipital process on the left side is a small distinct tubercle ; but on the right side it is so developed as to articulate at its extremity with the transverse process of the atlas. 0. C. 5899.
Presented by Joseph Toynhee, Esq.
142. A cranium having a flattened articular surface or " third
condyle" on the anterior edge of the foramen magnum. O.C. 5741.
C. 480, L. 162, B. 142, Bi. 877, H. 124, Hi. 766.
Purchased.
143. A cranium, said to be "from Madagascar," but with all
the characters of the European skull. As an individual peculiarity it exhibits an almost symmetrical pair of tubercles on the inferior surface of the basioccipital. 0. C. 5902. Hunterian.
144. A mutilated cranium, preserved on account of the peculiar
conformation of the occipital bone, especially the great development of the inion.
144 ^ An occipital bone showing a remarkable absence of symmetry of the cerebellar fossae. (See Trans. Path. Soc, vol. 83, 1882, p. 222.)
Presented by Pearce Gould, Esq., 1884.
145. The skull of a person advanced in life, showing a remark-
able degree of platybasic deformity (" plastic deforma- tion " of Barnard Davis), . Most of the molar teeth have been lost during life. All the
24
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
calvarial sutures are partially obliterated. There is much lateral bulging of the squamosal I'egion ; the bones generally, but especially those at the base of the cranium, are greatly atrophied ; and the occipital condyles and anterior margin of the foramen magnum are deeply sunk towards the interior of the cranium.
The specimen was obtained in Paris.
C. 530, L. 184, B. 152, Bi. 826, H. 99, Hi. 538.
Pui'chased, 1878.
145 \ A calvaria showiHg an interparietal bone.
Purchased, 1890.
Preparations of Skulls.
146. The skull o£ a male Negro, aged 22, in which the slender
stylo-hyals, which had not yet become united by bone
with the tympano-hyal processes, are preserved.
Prepared in 1870, from a man of unknown history who died
in a London workhouse, bat with well-marked Negro features,
colour, and hair. n i j
Purchased,
147. A skull with a vertical transverse section passing through
the bones of the face.
147 ^ The skull of an Englishman with a horizontal section through the brain-case.
148. A skull in various sections. The osseous labyrinth of the
ear is exposed on the left side. Purchased.
149. The bones of an adult skull, separated and artificially
connected together a la Beauchene. 0. C. 5885.
Purchased.
150. A skull similarly prepared.
l^resenled In/ G. W. j\lack>m(rdo, Esq., 18G7.
151. The separated bones of an adult human skull, with the
names attached to them by which they are usually known in anthropotomy, and also those by which they are desig- nated in general comparative morphology.
152 A to P. Fifteen preparations of the human temporal bone, showing: in various sections the osseous structures con- nected with the organ of hearing.
Prepared hij M. I'assciir, I'aris. P nrcliased, 18()2.
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT MAN,
25
153. A case containing eleven horizontal sections o£ the frontal
bone, showing variations in the condi^^ion of the frontal air-sinuseSj and their absence in infancy. The sex and age of the individual from whom the preparation was taken is marked on each.
154. A case containing ten similar sections.
155. A case containing six preparations of the frontal bone to
show the sinuses.
Mr. Willmot stated that the sections were all cut at the same line as regards the orbit, viz., | of an inch above the supra- orbital notch, and in the same plane as regards the bone in the horizontal position. He found that in 14 per cent, of adult Europeans the sinuses are absent.
The above were prepared by and purchased from Mr. E. Willmot, i858.
156. A series of twenty-two specimens of the human hyoid
bones, showing individual variations. The age and sex of the person is marked on each bone in all cases in which they are known.
157. Five specimens of the hyoid bones, showing various
degrees of ossification in the anterior arch (stylo-liyoid ligament).
158. A completely ossified thyroid cartilage.
Pelves.
159. The pelvis of an English female, aged 19.
Prepared in 1871.
160. The pelvis of an English female, aged 27.
Prepared in 1875.
161. The pelvis of an English female^ aged 34.
Prepared in 1877.
162. The pelvis of an English female, aged 48.
Prepared in 1878.
163. The pelvis of an English female, aged 49.
Prepared in 187G.
26 GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
164. The pelvis of an English female, aged 55.
Prepared in 1875.
165. The pelvis of an English female, aged 64.
Prepared in 1877.
166. The pelvis o£ an English female, aged 66.
Prepared in 1877.
167. The pelvis of an English female, aged 69.
Prepared in 1876.
168. The pelvis of a middle-aged female.
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
169. The pelvis of an English female, aged 70.
Prepared in 1876.
170. The pelvis of an English female, aged 70.
Prepared in 1877.
171. The pelvis of an English female, aged 79.
Prepared in 1874.
172. The pelvis of an English female, aged 80.
Prepared in 1878.
173. The pelvis of an English male, aged 47.
Prepared in 1878.
173 ^ The pelvis of an English male, aged 62.
Prepared in 1880.
173 ^ The pelvis of an English male, aged 44.
Prepared in 1885.
173 ^ The pelvis of an English male of large size.
Presented hy Sir Erasmus Wilson, 1886.
174. The pelvis of a male.
Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.
Besides the above, the collection includes a large number of the separate bones of the human body, showing individual varia- tions, arranged in drawers in Room III, and which it has not been thought necessary to enumerate in tliis Catalogue. Of these very many were presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Es(|., in 1867.
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT MAN.
27
The following specimens, to No. 222 inclusive, exhibit the struc- ture of different parts of the human skeleton hy means of sections.
175. A vertical transverse section of the human cranium.
0. C. 5766. Hunterian.
176. A right parietal bone, prepared by removal of the greater
part of the outer table to show the diploe, with its venous sinuses.
177. The axis vertebra, vertically and longitudinally bisected.
0. C. 5767. Prepared in 1851.
178. The fifth cervical vertebra, vertically and longitudinally
bisected. 0. C. 5768. Prepared in 1851.
179. The seventh cervical vertebra, vertically and transversely
bisected. 0. C. 5769. Prepared in 1851.
180. A middle dorsal vertebra, vertically and longitudinally
bisected. 0. C. 5771. Prepared in 1^51.
181. The twelfth dorsal vertebra, vertically and transversely
bisected. 0. C. 5772. Prepared in 1851.
182. The second lumbar vertebra, vertically and transversely
bisected. 0. C. 5773. Prepared in i^dl.
183. The third lumbar vertebra, vertically and transversely
divided. 0. C. 5776. Prepared in 1851.
184. The fourth lumbar vertebra, vertically and longitudinally
bisected. 0. C. 5775. Prepared in 1851.
185. A lumbar vertebra, with a portion of the body removed to
show its internal structure. Purchased.
186. The sacrum, vertically and longitudinally bisected. O.C.
5777. Prepared in 1851.
187. The sacrum, vertically and transversely bisected.
188. The sacrum, transversely bisected through the middle of
the second vertebra. 0. C. 5778. Prepared in 1851.
189. The body of the sternum, longitudinally and transversely
bisected. 0. G. 5779. Prepared in 1851.
28 GENERAL OSTKOLOGY OF MAN.
190. The first rib, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5780.
Prepared in 1851.
191. A sixth rib, longitudinally and horizontally bisected. O.C.
5781. Prepared in 1851.
192. A sixth rib, longitudinally and vertically bisected. 0. C.
5782. Prepared in 1851.
193. The clavicle, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5783.
Prepared in 1851.
194. The left scapula, transversely bisected through the glenoid
cavity. 0. C. 5784. Prepared in 1851.
195. The upper portion of a similarly bisected scapula, in which
the texture of the coracoid and acromion is exposed in longitudinal section. 0. C. 5785. Hunterian.
196. The upper portion of a similarly bisected scapula of a
child. O.C. 5786. Hunterian.
197. The upper portion of a similarly bisected scapula of an
infant. 0. C. 5787. Hunterian.
198. The posterior half of a longitudinally bisected humerus.
0. C. 5788. Hunterian.
198 ^ Longitudinal and transverse sections through the distal extremity of the humerus.
Presented hy Dr. Edtcard Albert, 1902.
199. A radius, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5789.
Prepared in 1851.
200. An ulna, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5790.
Prepared in 1851.
201. The OS magnum, bisected. Purchased.
202. The three bones of the poUex, longitudinally Insected.
Purchased.
203. The right os innominatuni, with the illuin lungitudinally
bisected. 0. C. 5795. Hunterian.
204. The right ilium of a child, longitudinally bisected.
Hunterian.
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT MAN.
29
205. The left os innominatum, longitudinally bisected through
the acetabulum. 0. C. 5797. Hunterian.
206. The left os innonainatum, transversely bisected through the
acetabulum. O. C. 5798. Hunterian.
207. The binder half of a longitudinally bisected right femur.
0. C. 5799. - Hunterian.
208. The left femur, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5800.
Hunterian
209. The proximal part of a left femur, longitudinally bisected.
0. C. 5801. Hunterian.
210. The proximal part of a left femur, from the fore part of
which a section has been obliquely removed, passing through the middle of the head. 0. C. 5802.
Hunterian.
211. A longitudinal section of the upper extremity of the
femur, prepared in illustration of a memoir by the donor, " Ueber die innere Architectur der Knochen und ihre Bedeutung fiir die Frage vom Knochenwachsthum," in Virchow's ' Archiv,' vol. 1. p. 389 (1870).
Presented hy Dr. Julius Wolff, 1873.
212. Half of the longitudinally bisected proximal end of a femur,
from which a great proportion of the animal matter has been removed, leaving the earthy part, and show^ing the mechanical arrangement of the walls of the cancelli. 0. 0. 5803. Presented hy Edward Stanley, Esq.
212 ^ Longitudinal and transverse sections through the proximal extremity of the femur.
Presented hy Dr. Edward Alhert, 1902.
213. Two portions of a longitudinally bisected shaft of a femur,
similarly prepared to No. 212. 0. C. 5804.
Presented hy Edward Stanley, Esq.
214. A longitudinal section from the distal end of a femur,
similarly prepared, showing with great clearness the delicate and elegant reticular arrangement of the fine columnar and lamellar walls of the cancelli. 0. C. 5805.
Presented hy Edward Stanlet/, Esq.
30
GEKERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAX.
214 ^ Longitudinal and transverse sections tlirough the distal
extremity of the femur.
Presented by Dr. Edward Albert, 1902.
215. The posterior half of a longitudinally bisected left tibia.
0. C. f)80fi. Hunterian.
215 ^ Longitudinal and transverse sections through the
proximal extremity of the tibia.
Presented by Dr. Edward Albert, 1902.
215 ^. Longitudinal and transverse sections throug-h the distal extremity of the tibia.
Presented by Dr. Edward Albert, 1902.
216. A fibula, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5807.
Prepared in 1851.
217. A patella, vertically and transversely bisected.
218. An astragalus, bisected. Purchased.
219. A calcaneum, bisected. Purchased.
219'. Longitudinal and transverse sections through the cal- caneum. Presented by Dr. Edward Albert, 1902.
220. A navicular bone, bisected transversely. Purchased.
221. A cuboid bone, bisected. Purchased.
222. The three bones of the hallux, longitudinally bisected.
Purchased.
Va) iations of the Human Skeleton in regard to Stature.
223. The articulated skeleton of Charles Byrne, who was exhi-
bited in London as"0"Brian, the L-isli Giant,*' and died in 1783. 0. C. 5905.
The following record of the death of the individual to whom this skeleton belonged is extracted from the ' Annual Eegister Chronicle,' June 1783, vol. xxvi. p. 209: —
" In Cockspur Street, Charing Cross, aged only -'2. Jfr. Charles Byrne, the famous Irish Giant, whose death is said to have been precipitated by excessive drinking, to which he was always addicted, fciit more particularly since his late loss of almost all
OSTEOLOGY OF ADULT MAN.
31
his property, which he had simply invested in a single bank note of £700.
" Our philosophical readers may not be displeased to know, on the credit of an ingenious correspondent who had opportunity of informing himself, that Mr. Byrne, in August 1780, measured eight feet; that in 1782 he had gained two inches ; and after he was dead he measured eight feet four inches.
" Neither his father, mother, brother, nor any other person of his family, was of an extraordinary size."
The above-named heights are evidently exaggerations, as the actual height of the skeleton, in which due allowance appears to be given for the intervertebral substances, is only slightly above seven feet eight inches.
The posterior molars are in place ; and the epiphyses of the long bones are united, though the crests of the ilia and posterior borders of the scapulae are still free. The corresponding limb- bones of the opposite sides present great differences in dimensions. The bones of the cranium are thick and massive. The glabella, supraorbital ridges, mastoid processes, all the muscular ridges and the bones of the face, and especially the lower jaw, are greatly developed ; but the alveolar arches and teeth are scarcely larger than those of a man of ordinary stature. The squamosal joins the frontal for more than half an inch on the left side, but does not quite reach it on the right. The frontal region is low and retreating, and the cranial cavity small for the external size of the skull. The pituitary fossa was found to be large.
Height 2358 = 7 feet 8| inches. Estimated height from Femur + Tibia (Topinard's method), 7 feet 10 inches, 2397 mm.
Clavicle, r. 228, I. 220 ; humerus, r. 450, I. 430 ; radius, r. 334, I 325 ; hand, r. 255, I. 256 ; femur, r. 625, I. 642 ; tibia, r. 541, I. 537 ; foot, r. 325, I. 318.
Cranium : C. 593, L. 214, B. 148, Bi. 692, H. 147, Hi. 687, Ca. 1520.
A clever contemporary caricature sketch of O'Brian by Eow- landson hangs in the office of the Conservator of the Museum ; and a boot and a slipper which he wore are shown with the skeleton.
Ilunferian.
224. The articulated skeleton of a man about seven feet in height, who died in London in 1854, having been known us " Freeman, the American Giant."
Height 2052 = 6 feet 8*5 inches. Estimated stature from Femur + Tibia (Topinard), 7 feet 0-9 inches, 2167 mm.
32
GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.
Clavicle, r. 170, I. 175; humerus, )•. 413, I. 461; radius, r. 300, I. 298 ; femur, r. 588, I. 588 ; tibia, r. 478, I. 477.
Cranium ; C. 540, L. 191, B. 145, Bi. 759, H. 149, Hi. 780, Ca. 1630.
.Purchased .
225. The right os innomiiiatum, with the femur and tibia, o£ a
man of unusually large stature.
The length of the femur is 565. The tibia is approximately 510; but the inner side of the lower half has been lost and is restored in wood. Accordiug to the calculation that tlie lengtli of the femur is to the entire height as 275: 1000, this would give a height of 2005, or 6 feet 6^ inches.
226. The right and left femurs of a person of great stature.
Length of the right femur 550, of the left 544.
227. The skeleton of a female child of iinusuallv stunted growtli
and arrested osseous development, who was exhibited in London in 1824, under the name of " Caroline Crachami, the Sicilian Dwarf," of the reputed age of nine years. O.C. 5906.
Some particulars of her life and of the post mortem exami- nation are given in Sir Everard Home's ' Lectures on Compara- tive Anatomy,' vol. v. (1828), p. 191, from which the following is extracted : — " The child when I oaw it could walk alone, but with no confideDce. Its sight was very quick, mucli attracted by bright objects, delighted Avith every thing that glittered, mightily pleased with fine clothes, had a shrill voice, and spoke in a low tone ; had some taste for music, but could speak few words of English ; was very sensible of kiudness, and quickly recognized any jjerson who had treated it kindly."'
The height of the skeleton is 19'8 inches = 505 millims. Only the deciduous teeth are in place, of which tlie first upper molars in both jaws have suffered decay. The right lateral upper incisor would appear not to have been developed. The fontanello is not quite closed ; and tlie ossification of the bones of the trunk and extremities is scarcely more advanced tlian in a child at birth.
"With this skeleton are preserved casts of the face, of the arm and hand, and of a foot of the same individual, also the stockings and ring which she wore ; and upon the staircase of Iloom 1. is an oil painting from life, of tlie natural size, side and front view, by A. Chalon.
J' ri'sciitfd h)/ Sir Errvtird floDio. liarL
DENTITION OF MAX.
33
II. DENTITION OF MAN.
The dental formula in adult man is : — i. |, c. |, p. |, m. = total 32. The milk-teeth are :— i. f, c. {, m. |, =| : total 20.
228. The first set or milk-teeth of a child about two years of
age, wanting the posterior molars. Purchased, 1858.
229. The complete set of first or milk-teeth of a child about six
years of age.
230. A preparation of the upper and lower jaws of a child about
five years of age, showing the complete milk-dentition, with the germs of the permanent teeth. The roots of the teeth in place and the crowns of the successional teeth are exposed by the removal of the outer alveolar walls.
Purchased, 1862.
231. A similar preparation from a child somewhat more ad-
vanced in age. Purchased, 1862.
231 \ A similar preparation. Sir Erasmus Wilson, 1883.
231^. Skull of child in which the roots of the teeth are displayed, and also the crowns of the successional teeth.
Presented by .Tames Merryweather, Esq., 1888.
232. A preparation similar to No. 230 from a child about seven
years of age, the first permanent molars being in place, as well as the milk-teeth. 0. 0. 5835.
Prepared for John Hitnter by his pnpil William Lynx, afterwards President of the lloyal College of Surgeons.
Ilunterian.
233. The skull of a child about eight years of age, showing the
state of the dentition. All the milk-incisors are shed ; the milk-molars and canines are retained. The central permanent incisors and the first permanent molars are in place. Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 18G7.
234. A preparation of the upper and lower jaws of a nearly
adult person, showing the teeth in situ, with their roots exposed. The posterior molars have not yet risen into place. PxirchafH, 1862.
34:
DKNTITION OF MAN.
235. A portion of the human skull, including the upper and
lower jaws, from the right side of which the teeth have been extracted and are displayed separately. O.C. 58.S3.
Hunterian.
236. The left side of the upper and lower jaws of an adult, in
which the roots of the teeth have been exposed by removing the outer walls of the alveoli. 0. C. 5834.
Mus. Brookes.
237. A human premolar tooth, longitudinally bisected. 0. C.
5876. Presented hy Sir Everard Home, Bart.
The following twenty-one Hunterian specimens, to No. 258 inclusive, are described and figured in Hunter's work ' On the Natural History of the Human Teeth,' 1771.
238. The left halves of the upper and lower jaws of a foetus of
five months, showing the common alveolar groove which lodged the formative matrices of the teeth. 0. C. 583G.
The inner wall of the groove is most developed ; rudiraents of the partitions appear at the bottom of the anterior alveoli. Op. cit. pi. viii. tigs. 1 & 2.
239. The left halves of the up])er and lower jaAvs of a fcEtus
of seven months, showing the development of the inner wall to an equality with the outer m all of the alveoli, and the more or less completed partitions of the sockets of the incisors and canines. 0. C. 5837. Op. cit. jil. A'iii. figs. 3 & 4.
240. The left halves of the upper and low er jaws of a fa?tus
of eight months, showing the more nearly completed sockets. A large vacuity still remains in the partition between those of the two molars. 0. C. 5838. Op. cit. pi. viii. figs. 5 & 6.
241. The right ramus of the lower jaw of apparently the same
feetus : the calcified germs of the two incisors and tlie canine are displayed in sitv ; similar germs, with tlie calcified summits of the pulps, of the two deciduous molars :ire separately displayed. 0. C. 5839. •
DENTITION OF MAN.
.35
242. The lower jaw of an infant nine months old. 0. C, 5840.
The two mid incisors have cut the gum ; the crowns of the outer incisor, canine, milk-molars, and first true molar may be seen through the openings of the formative sockets, which openings are contracted above the molars.
Ojp. cif. pi. viii. fig. 7.
243. The left ramus of the lower jaw of an infant of nine
months. 0. 0. 5841.
The mid incisor has cut the gum ; the crowns of the outer incisor, canine, milk-molars, and first true molar are exposed by the removal of the outer alveolar wall ; the calcified summits of the permanent incisors and canine are exposed by the removal of the inner alveolar wall. The dried remains of the gum remain above the formative alveoli of the undeveloped teeth.
244. Part of the right upper jaw of an infant nine months old.
O.C. 5842.
The mid incisor is beginning to cut the gam ; the crowns of the outer incisor, canine, two milk-molars, and the calcified summit of the first true molar and of the permanent mid incisor are exposed by removal of the inner wall of the alveoli.
245. The left upper jaw of a young infant. 0. C. 5843.
The mid incisor and apparently the second incisor, which is lost, have cut the gum ; the crowns of the canine and milk- molars are seen in their formative sockets. The formative sockets of the permanent incisors are shown, and also that of a canine, or supernumerary tooth, behind them, with the calcified germ of the tooth in an inverted position, the point being directed upwards against the bony palate, and the pulp-cavity opening towards the gum. The maxillo-premaxillary suture remains on the palate and on the inner surface of the nasal passage.
Op. cit. pi. viii. fig. 9.
246. The right upper jaw of apparently the same infant.
0. C. 5844.
The two incisors have cut the gun. The germ of a corre- sponding canine, or supernuraorary tooth, is shown in a similar inverted position.
V 2
36 DEXTITIOX OF MAN.
247. A section of the right upper jaw of a young infant.
0. C. 5845.
The two incisors ha\ e cut the gum ; the crowns of the canine, milk-mohirs, and first true molars are exposed b}- the removal of the outer alveolar wall, and the germs of the permanent incisors by the removal of the inner alveolar wall.
248. A section of the lower jaw of a child. 0. C. 5846.
It shows the raid incisor and first milk-molar, and the sockets of the intervening outer incisor and canine, from which the teeth have been removed. The formative alveoli of the perma- nent mid incisor and of the first bicuspid are also shown.
Two views of this preparation are given in the work ' On the Teeth,' pi. ix., in which Hunter's description of fig. 2 is — " The incisor of a child is standing in its socket, and the adult incisor forming in a distinct socket, underneath " ; and of fig. 3—" to show that the bicuspides are formed in distinct sockets of their own, and not in the socket of the grinder, which stands above."
249. The left upper maxillary hone of a child. 0. C. 5847.
The two milk-molars are in place : the canine has been removed from its socket, and the premaxillary part of the jaw removed to expose the germ of the permanent canine in its formative socket. The germs of the first l)icus]jid and first true molar are similarly exposed from the inner side. The crowns of an incisor and canine are separately displayed.
250. A section of the right upper maxillary hone of a child.
0. C. 5848.
The two milk-molars arc in place. The deciduous incisors and canine have been removed ; behind their sockets the calci- fied summits of the permanent incisors may be seen through the wide gubcrnacular oj)enings. The crown of the first true molar may be seen in its formative socket.
251. The left maxillary and left ramus of the mandihle of a
child, in which the deciduous teeth had heen acquired and the first true molar was beginning to rise into place, being more advanced in the lower than the upper jaw. 0. C. 5849. The geims of the sncccssional teeth and of the second true
molars are exposed by the removal of the outer walls of their
formative alveoli.
DENTITIOX OF MAN.
37
These preparations are figured (reversed) in pi. ix. fig. 1, op. cit., with the following description : — " One side of the Upper and Lower-jaw of a subject about eight or nine years of age, where the Incisores and Cuspidafi of the Foetus were shed, and their successors rising in new sockets ; shewing likewise the two Grinders of the child, with the Bicuspides forming underneath. The first adult Grinder was ready to cut the gum ; and the Second Grinder in the Lower-jaw is lodged in the root of the coronoid process, and in the Upper- jaw it is in the tubercle."
252. The left maxillary and a consider.ible proportion of the
mandible o£ a child, at the same stage of dentition as the foregoino-. 0. C. 5850.
The second milk-molar is in place in the upper jaw ; the alveoli of the antecedent milk-teeth have been removed to expose those containing the calcified crowns of the permanent incisors, canine, and first bicuspid. The first true molar is exposed in its socket, and that of the second true molar is shown behind. In the lower jaw the two milk-molars on each side are left standing ; the crowns of the four permanent incisors, canines, and anterior bicuspids are exposed by the removal of the front walls of their formative sockets. The crowns of the second bicuspids seem not to have begun to be calcified.
253. The back part of the left ramus of the same lower jaw.
It shows the widely open alveolus of the first true molar, the crown of which is there exposed, and the for- mative socket of the second true molar. 0. C. 5851.
254. The right ramus o£ the lower jaw of a child. 0. C. 5852.
The deciduous series, viz. two incisors, a canine, and two molars, are in place; the formative sockets of the suceessional teeth and of the first and second true molars are exposed from the inner side. The matrices of the second bicuspid and second true molar had not begun to be calcified.
255. The left rami of four lower jaws of individuals at different
periods of life. (). C. 5853,
The youngest shows the five deciduous teeth in place ; the next shows the two permanent incisors, the deciduous molars, and first true molar, the second true molar rising into place,- and the permanent canine exposed in its formative socket ; tho
38 DEKTITION OF MAX.
third shows the permanent incisors, canine, bicuspids, and first and second true molars in place, all the deciduous teeth having been shed ; the fourth shows the full permanent series.
These specimens are the subjects of fig. 2, pi. xvi., o^i. cit., ■where they are represented larger than natural, and are thus described : — " Fig. 2. Four Lower-jaws at different periods of life, from the age when the five shedding teeth are completely formed, to tliat of a complete set. This figure shows four things: — 1. The lengthening of the jaw backwards, which is seen by the oblique line made by the four condyles ; 2. The gradual rise of the two processes above the line of the teeth ; 3. The gradual increase of the teeth in proportion as the jaw lengthens ; and 4. The part formed, always keeping the same size."
256. Sections of the right halves of the upper and lower jaws,
with the outer alveolar wall removed to expose the implanted roots of the teeth. 0. C. 5854.
This specimen is the subject of fig. 1, pi. vi., op. cit., in the description of which Hunter remarks : — The length of each fang is at once seen with respect to its neighbour, and this kind of articulation " (gomphosis) " pointed out at one view."
257. The left upper maxillary bone, in which the canine is
exposed in its socket, the crown not having been pro- truded beyond the opening of the sockets of the con- tiguous teeth. 0. C. 5855.
This specimen is the subject of fig. 8, pi. viii., o^). cit,, and is described as follows : — " A sketch of an Upper-jaw where the Cuspidatus of that side had been formed high up in the Jaw, and, therefore, never would appear through the Gum."
258. The fore part of a human lower jaw, showing the incisors,
canines, and bicuspids, with their crowns worn down to a flat surface. 0. C. 5856.
The following specimens, illustrative of the structure, deve- lopment, and succession of the teeth, are arranged on slides, in a glazed frame or case, and are mostly figured in John Hunter's work ' On the Teeth.' Ilunterian.
259. The teeth on this slide (0. C. 5857) are the subjects of plate V. np, cit., where ihey arc described as follows : —
DENTITION OF MAN.
39
" The sixteea teeth from one side of both jaws, taken out of their sockets to expose the whole of each tooth.
"Row 1. — The teeth of the lower jaw; the five single are similar to those of the upper jaw, but the grinders in this liavo only two fangs.
" {a. a.) The two incisors.
"(6.) The cuspidatus ; showing, in the same view, how much longer it is than the others. , " (c. c.) The bicuspides.
" {d. d.) The first two grinders, having two fangs. " (e.) The third grinder, or dens sapientiae, having also but two fangs.
" Row 2. — The teeth of the upper jaw ; the lettered references apply to this as to the first row.
" («. a.) The two incisors, showing the hollowed inner surface of the body of those teeth.
" (6.) The cuspidatus, showing the same.
" (c. c.) The bicuspides, showing the two points on the basis of each ; the first of them has a forked fang.
" {d. d.) The first two grinders, having three fangs.
" (e.) The third grinder, or dens sapientiae, having also throij fangs."
260. A slide supporting sections of the teeth of Man, the Horse, and the Elephant, which have been subjected to the action of fire in order to show more clearly the distinction between the enamel and other constituents of the teeth, the minute quantity of animal matter in the enamel not affecting its colour when heated. Most of the specimens are figured in plates xiv. & xv. op. cit., where they are described as follows : —
" (a.) Fig. 17. — An incisor slit down its axis, to show the enamel upon the body of the tooth, covering much more of the convex than of the concave part."
'(6.) Fig. 18. — An incisor worn so much down as to expose the whole end of the bony part, a circle only of enamel re- maining."
" (c.) Fig. 16. — A cuspidatus, showing the same cir- cumstance."
" (d.) Fig. 15. — A lateral view of the enamel of a bicuspis cut longitudinally."
" (e.) A similar view of the enamel of a molaris."
" (/.) Fig. 14. — Another view of the enamel of a molaris."
40
DENTITION OF MAN.
" (g.) Fig. 12. — The basis of a raolaris whose points were •worn down, and the bony part which projected into these points exposed."
" (h.) Fig. 13. — A molaris, whose bony part is wholly exposed, and only a circle of enamel left, covering the sides all round.'
" («.) Fig. 20. — The griuding-surface of a horse's molaris, to s'low the irregular course of the enamel."
(j.) A section of one of the denticuli of an Asiatic elephant's molar, showing the dentine, enamel, and cement. Only a very small proportion of the dentine or "bony part'' appears in this section ; it is enclosed in the enamel.
(t.) A horizontal section of the molaris of a horse, to show the course of the enamel. Both the dentine and cement are blackened by the action of fire.
261. (Slide 4.) A series of teeth in longitudinal section, to show
the size and shape of their pulp-cavities. 0. C. 5859.
Three are canines, two bicuspids, and two molars. There are also two transverse sections of fangs, the crown of a molar not fully developed, and an upper molar with a large concretion of tartar attached to it.
262. (Slide 5.) Longitudinal and transverse sections of human
permanent teeth. 0. C. 5860.
a. a. The incisors.
b. The canine.
c. A premolar or bicuspid, showing, by the double pulp- cavity, that the apparently single fang consists of two connato fangs.
c. A premolar, in which the two fangs are distinct at the lower half of the root.
d. A molar, showing, by the double pulp-cavity of one of its apparently single fangs, that this consists of two connate fangs.
(The above are the subjects of figs. 1-5 of pi. xiv. ojp. cit.)
e. A molar, with the pulp-cavity exposed in the crown and one of the fangs broken away.
/. A molar,showing the divisions of the pulp-cavitj* continued into the diverging fangs.
g. A transverse section of the crown of a molar, showing tho part of the pulp-cavity next the grinding-surface.
h. A transverse section of the crown of a molar, showing the part of the pulp-cavity next the fangs. (The two preceding eppcimens are the subjects of figs. 8 & 9, pi. xiv. op. cit.)
DENTITION OF MAN.
41
t. This specimen is the subject of fig. 7, pi. xiv., where it is thus described : — " A molaris of the lower jaw, with part of its fangs sawed off, to show that the sides of the cavity or canal Lave grown together, and divided it into two small canals, which are represented by two dark points." In other words, ihe two seemingly single fangs consist each of two connate fangs.
263. (Slide 6.) A series of the deciduous teeth of a chil(], "from
their being complete to their utmost decay." There is also a deciduous incisor of a horse, with the germ of the permanent incisor about to succeed it. 0. C. 5861.
The human teeth are the subjects of figs. 2 & 3, pi. xiv. op. cit.
264. (Slide, Div. 7.) "The teeth of one side of both jaws, from
a child of five or six years of age." 0. C. 5862.
The deciduous incisors are completed, and the crowns of their successors formed. The fang of the deciduous canine is not quite complete ; and the crown of the successor is about half-formed. The fangs of the first milk-molars are nearly completed ; and the summit of the first upper premolar has begun to be calcified. The fangs of the second milk-molar are half-formed and widely open ; the second premolar has not begun to be calcified. The crown of the first true molar is more than half-formed.
These are the subjects of fig. 1, pi. x. op. cit.
265. (Slide, Div. 8.) " The teeth of one side of both jaws, from
a child of seven } ears of age." 0. C. 5863.
The fang of the first deciduous incisor is partially absorbed, more in the upper than the lower tooth ; part of the fang of the succeeding incisor is formed. Of the second incisor a smaller proportion of the fang of the deciduous tooth is absorbed, and of that of the permanent one is developed. The -whole of the deciduous canine, and of the crown of the perma- nent one, are completed. The fangs of the upper milk-molars are more absorbed than those of the lower ones, and the crowns of the upper premolars are proportionally more advanced. The whole of the crown, with the beginning of the root of the first true molar, is now formed. These teeth form the subjects of fig, 9:, pi. X. op. cit. ; and in the description of the plate the author remarks : — " This is an age in which there are more
42
■DENTITION OF MAN.
teeth formed and forming than at any other time of Ufe — forty-four in the whole."
266. (Slide, Div. 9.) " The teeth from one side of both jaws of
a child eight or nine years old, principally to show the progress of the second set and the beginning and decay of the first set." 0. C, 5864.
The first deciduous incisor of the lower jaw has heen shed, and the crowns of the second permanent molars have been formed. The fangs of the first true molars are more lengthened, and those of the milk-molars more absorbed.
These teeth form the subjects of fig. 1, pi. xi. : and, according to Hunter's own showing, a greater number of formed and forming teeth coexist in the jaws of a child at the age here exemplified than at that characterized by the teeth in No. 265. As the crowns of the second true molars are always more or less calcified before any of the deciduous incisors are shed, the number of " formed and forming " teeth in the jaws at such period (commonly from seven to eight years of age) is forty-eight, viz. twenty deciduous teeth, twenty permanent successors, and eight superadded true molars.
267. (Slide, Div. 10.) " The teeth from one side of both jaws
of a youili about eleven or twelve years old, showing the further progress of the one set towards perfection, and of the other towards decay." 0. C. 5865.
The deciduous incisors and canines have been shed, and the permanent ones have cut the gum. The fang of the canine is not yet complete. The second incisors have not been preserved in this series. The first upper premolar has come into place, and has pushed out its predecessor ; the first lower milk-molar and the second in both jaws remain, with their fangs much absorbed. Only the base of the fangs of the premolars is formed ; the first true molars have the fangs nearly complete ; the enamel seems to have been dissolved away from tho summit of the crown by an acid. The crown of the second true molar is complete ; that of the third, or " dens sapienti;r," is only beginning to be calcified. Tlie above teeth form tho subjects of fig. 2, pi. xi. op. cit.
268. (Slide, Div. 11.) The teeth from one side of both jaws of
a youth about fourteen years of age. 0. C. 5866. The permanent incisors and canines are iu place ; but the
DENTITION OF MAN.
43
deciduous molars have not been shed : their fangs are much absorbed, and those of their successors are half-formed ; the fangs of the second true molar are in a similar state ; and the crown of the third true molar is more advanced, especially iu tlie upper jaw.
269. (Slide, Div. 12.) The teeth from one side of both jaws of
a youth about eighteen years of age. 0. C. 5867.
The premolars or bicuspids are complete, and have pushed out the milk-molars, all the deciduous series being now shed. The fangs of the second true molar are complete in the lower jaw, but not in the upper jaw. The third true molar shows a corresponding advance of development in the lower jaw.
270. (Slide, Div. 13.) The calcified summits of the crowns of
the deciduous teeth (viz. two incisors, canine, and two molars) " from one side of both jaws of a foetus of seven or eight months, showing the progress of ossification ; " this is greatest in the first incisor, and decreases to the last molar. 0. C. 5868. The specimens are the subjects of fig. 4, pi. ix. op. cit.
271. (Slide, Div. 14.) The calcified portions of the crowns of
the deciduous teeth, from one side of both jaws, of a foetus of the ninth month. (Fig. 5, pi. ix. op. cit.) 0. C. 5869.
272. (Slide, Div. 15.) The deciduous mid-incisors, canines, and
molars, with the calcified summits of the crowns of the permanent second incisors and first molars, from one side of both jaws of a child eight or nine months old. 0. C. 5870.
These specimens are included in fig. 6, pi. ix. oj). cit. of the entire series, which are described as " the five temporary teeth in a more advanced state, with the first adult grinder. The adult incisors and one cuspidatus are also begun to be formed ; " but, by an error of the press, " years " is given for " months " in the description of the plate. In the text the specimens are rightly abscribed to an infant of eight or nine months.
273. (Slide, Div. 16.) The moieties of longitudinally bisected
deciduous and permanent incisors at four stages of their
44 DENTITIOX OF MAX.
development, showing " the gradual growth of the body, fangs, and cavity ; " the lower row is of the permanent set. (Fig. 2, a, h, c, d, pi. xiii. op. cit.) 0. C. 5871.
274. (Slide, Div. 17.) The moieties of longitudinally bisected
deciduous and permanent molars at three stages of growth. The pulp-cavity is relatively larger in the completed deciduous than in the completed permanent molar. (Fig. 2, e, f, g, pi. xiii. op. cit.) 0. C. 5872.
275. (Slide, Div. 18.) Eight specimens of p(n-manent incisors at
different stages of development. 0. C. 5873.
These are the subjects of fig. 8, pi. xiii. op. cit., where thej' are described as "showing the gradual growth of a single tooth, from its first formation nearly, to its being almost complete ; " some of the specimens, however, arc of the first incisor, some of the upper, some of the lower incisors.
276. (Slide, Div. 19.) Six specimens of the first true molar of
the lower jaw. 0. C. 5874.
" They show the formation of the cavity and fangs of the molares of the lower jaw.
" {a.) Shows the common cavity in the body of the tooth.
"(6.) Shows the cavity still deeper.
" (c.) Shows the bony arch thrown over the mouth of the cavity, and dividing that into two openings, which give origin to the two fangs.
" {d, e, f.) Show the progress of these fangs." Oj). cit. pi. xiii. fig. 1, A, «, B, C, D, E.
277. (Slide, Div. 20.) Five specimens of the fii-.'<t true molar of
the upper jaw, similarly displayed. 0. C. 5875.
" ((/.) Shows the common cavity of the tooth,
" (7t.) Shows the slight tucking-in of the mouth of the cavity
at three different points, from which three ossifications shoot. " (i.) Shows these ossifications, and the beginning of three
fangs.
"(t, I.) Show the gradual growth of these fangs." Op. cit. pi. xiii. fig. 1, A, rt, F, G, H, I, K*.
* The foregoing descriptions of the Ilunterian speciracus illustrating human dentition are reprinted, witli slight verbal corrections, from the Catalogue of 1803.
SPECIAL OSTEOLOGY OK MAX.
45
III. SPECIAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN,
or Illustrations of the Osteolosical Characters of the various Races of Mankind.
a 1. EARLY RACES OF MAN.
The following specimens, consisting of bones and casts of bones of Prehistoric and early races of Man, have either been presented by Mr. N. C. Macnamara or selected by him from the Anthropological Series; to him also we are indebted for the descriptions. They serve to show the low type of the earliest remains of Man, and the changes they underwent before the Historic Period. The original numbers of these specimens have been appended to each description. For measurements and fuller details reference should be made to these either in this Catalogue (where they are inserted in their proper serial order) or in that of the Barnard Davis Collection.
A. Paleolithic.
The formations included under this term are distinguished by con- taining the rudest shapes of stone implements made by man, together with the remains of mammals some of which are extinct, while others no longer inhabit the districts where their bones have been found.
" The upper river-terraces rising sometimes 80 or 100 feet above the jiresent level of the rivers, belong to a very ancient period in the history of the excavation of the valleys " *. In some of these river-terraces numerous chipped flint instruments made by man have been found, together with the remains of Eleplias j^rhnigenms and antiquus, lihino- ccros tichorhinus, Hippopotamus major, Ursus spelceus, and other extinct mammals. The high river gravels of the Somrae, and the valleys of the South-east of England have been specially prolific in these traces of primitive man.
Several of the specimens in our collection have been cast from human remains found in deposits of earth in certain limestone caverns. The earth in these caverns had been deposited from water, and then covered over by layers of stalagmite. In some of these caverns, strata
* ' Class-book of Geology,' by Sir Archibald Geikie, p. 361.
46
EARLY RACES OF MAN.
of earth and stalagmite have been superimposed one above the other to the extent of five or six la)'ers. In the deepest, and therefore the most ancient of these layers, the remains of man of a primitive tj-pe have been found, together with chipped flint weapons and the bones of extinct animals. In la3-ers of earth above the most ancient strata, human remains have been discovered of a higher type than the more ancient ones, together with more perfectly worked flints, and also bone and horn instruments. Above these again layers containing sun-baked pottery, and the remains of man and existing species of animals are found ; these have been preserved by means of the layers of stalagmite which have formed over them, and so afford us a singularly interesting record of some of the beings who in far distant ages inhabited Western Europe.
The stone or flint instruments which were made by man during the Quaternary were preceded, as their skulls are, by those of the Tertiary epoch ; some of these more ancient flints have been found in the valley of the Tagus and elsewhere in Europe,
The rough flint weapons of the earlier Palaeolithic era have been discovered in such large numbers in the high river gravel at Chelles and St. Acheul, that they are commonly known as ' Chellien ' and ' Acheulien ' flints.
The flints of the later Palaeolithic period are recognized by their more perfect form and the careful way in which thej' have been chipped. They are known as the ' Magdalenien ' stone instruments. Many of them are of lance-like shape, having sharp edges and pointed extremities ; they could be fixed in a cleft stick so as to be used as a spear or javelin. The people of this period also made use of bone and horn instruments and weapons ; the handles of some of these are engraved with figures representing men and animals then inhabiting Western Europe.
278. Cast of ' Tho Java ' calvaria {Pithecanthropus eredus).
This calvaria was discovered in a Terti iry volcanic formation by Dr. Eugene Dubois, who was commissioned by the Dutch Government to examine certain well-known fossil-bearing strata in Java. Together with this calvaria, and within a short distance of it. Dr. Dubois found a femur and two molar teeth. These remains have been submitted for examination to most of the leading Anatomists of Europe ; there is no difference of opinion as to the femur being that of a human being of a very low type. With regard to the skull and teeth, doubts have been expressed by eminent anatomists as to their being those of a human being ; the calvaria especially much resembling that of anthropoid apes. The cranial capacity of the Java skull is
PALAEOLITHIC.
47
believed to be about 950 c.c, that of the largest gorilla is 645 c.c, and the capacity of the Neanderthal human skull is 1220 c.c, while that of an average male Englishmau of the present day is 1540 c.c.
278 1 & 278". Casts o£ the Spy calvaria.
The calvaria from which these casts were taken were found, with other human bones, resting on a bed of calcareous rock ; they were covered over by four well-defined beds of debris and clay. In the strata immediately above the one in which the human remains were discovered, the bones of the Rhinoceros ticliorinus. Mammoth, and Hyaena were found, together with flint weapons of the Mousterien type. These remains of Palaeo- lithic man were unearthed with the greatest care from a terrace of rock in front of the Spy cave, a place overlooking the river Orneau in Belgium. The No, 1 Spy calvaria has prominent supraorbital ridges, low, narrow, and retreating forehead, and other characters of the Java and Neanderthal crania. No. 2 Spy cranium is less simian in character. They are both of them dolichocephalic, having a cranial index of 70 and 74 respec- tively.— For a description and plan of the Spy Cave and the locality in which the human remains were found, see Prof. G, de Mortillet's ' Formation de la Nation Fran§aise,' p. 284.
278 A cast o£ the Neanderthal calvaria.
This calvaria, with other parts of the human skeleton, was found in a limestone cave near Hochdal, between Diisseldorf and Elberfeld. The cave is some 60 feet above the bottom o£ the valley; it is lofty enough to admit a man. The floor was covered with 4 or 5 feet of earth, in which the skeleton was found. A similar cave near by yielded remains of the elephant, rhinoceros, cave-bear, and other extinct forms of mammals. The low receding and narrow forehead, closed sutures, largely developed occipital region, and other features, place this calvaria among those belonging to the early Palaeolithic period. The cranial index of this dolichocephalic
calvaria is 72, and its probable capacity about 1220 c.c. See
description and figures of this skull in Prof. Huxlev's ' Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature,' p. 136.
College Catalogue, No. 544.
278 ^. Cast of the Sligo calvaria.
The original of this calvaria is in the Natural History Collect ion of the British Museum. The exact position or
EARLY RACES OF IIAN.
geological relations of the locality in which this remarkahle calvaria was found have not been preserved. Eut the form of the cranium, consolidation of sutures, promineut supraorhital ridges, low and narrow forehead, are characteristic of human beings of the Palaeolithic period in Europe.
278 \ A cast of the Tilbury skull.
The original from which this cast was taken is in the Natural Histor)' Collection of the British Museum. This portion of a skull and other parts of a human skeleton were found in the gravel at Tilbury Docks, at a depth of 84 feet, and were submitted to R. Owen, who described them as being those of a Palaeolithic man (Proc. .Roy. Soc. vol. xxxvi. p. 136). The prominent supra- orbital ridges, simple or closed sutures, and other characters confirm his opinion as to this specimen being that of a Palaeo- lithic human being, but of a somewhat higher type than the Neanderthal, and other skulls above referred to. This im- provement in tj'pe is evident from the more fully developed frontal region of this skull, permitting of increase in the size of the anterior lobes of the brain.
278^. Cast of the Eguisheim calvaria.
The fragments of this human cranium were discovered in a river-deposit at Eguisheim near Colmar (Lower Rhine). In conjunction with this portion of a human skull, bones of the mammoth, elephant, and other extinct animals were found. The human remains and those of the animals referred to were not only close to one another, but were also in precisely the same state of fossilization. The simple, almost closed sutures of this calvaria, and its other characters place it among those of Palaeolithic man. — See Prof. Boyd Dawkins's 'Early Man in Britain,' p. 167,
278 ^ The Gibraltar cranium.
A mutilated cranium, remarkable for the low retreating forehead, prominent supraorbital ridges, and peculiar confoi- mation of the maxillae. From a quarry behind "Forbes Battery," in the brecciated talus under the North Front of the Rock of Gibraltar.
See Bioca, ' Cranes et Ossements humaines des Cavernes de Gibraltar,' Bulletin de la Soc. d'Anthropol. de Pari-i, 18G9, 2^ ser. t. vi. pp. 146-148. Reprinted iu Memoires d'Anihropolof/ie, t. ii. p. 370, fig. 55 (p. 377).
College Catalogue, No. S>71.
PALEOLITHIC.
49
278". Cast of the Malarnaud lower jaw.
The bone from which this cast was taken was found in a bed of clay which constituted the floor of a cave in the valley of the Arize (Ari^ge). In strata superimposed above the lowest bed of clay in which this mandible was found, and separated from it by layers of stalagmite, the bones of the Ursus spelceus, rhinoceros, lion, and panther were discovered. The inferior border of this jaw where the prominence of the chin should be recedes and is of a simian character. The sockets of the anterior and posterior molars are of the same size. — See Prof. G. de Mortillet's ' Formation de la Nation Fran§aise,' p. 282.
278 ®. Cast of the Naulette lower jaw.
The original bone from which this cast was moulded was found in a cave near Dinant, in a layer of clay which also con- tained the remains of the mammoth, rhinoceros, and other extinct animals. The entrance to the Naulette cave, is situated about 28 feet above the existing bed of the river Lesse,its floor was covered to the depth of 11 metres by clay soil, which is separated into layers by seven deposits of stalagmite. It was under five of these stalagmite floors that this human jaw was found with other bones of the skeleton. The absence of the mental prominence and other features of this mandible are simian in character. — See Proc. of the Geologists' Assoc. vol. XV. p. 251 (E. T. Newton, F.R.S., on PalceoUthie Man).
278 Cast of a lower jaw belonging to one of the Spy skulls.
The original mandible from which this cast was made was found with the Spy skulls. In its general outline and character it resembles tho lower jaw of one of the anthropoid apes more closely than it does that of the existing inhabitants of Western Europe.
A cast of the Tilbury lower jaw (mounted with 278
The original from which this was taken was found with the Tilbury skull above described. Like th& cranium, this mandible is less simian in character than the remains of tho men who lived in Western Europe during the earlier Palaeolithic period.
278" & 278 1^ The femurs of the Spy and Tilbury skeletons suggest that the primitive people of Western Europe were a small and extremely muscular race. Their
6.0
EAKLY RACES OF MAN.
stature did not probably exceed 5 feet to 5 feet 2 inches. In these skeletons the lower articulation of the femur is prolonged backwards to such an extent, as to suggest the idea that this race of men walked with their knee- joints somewhat bent.
278 278^^. The tibi?e of these skeletons are ape-like in character, being tlattened from side to side, while the upper articular surfaces are such as to correspond with those of the lower extremity of the femur.
The bones of their arms, like those of the lower extremities, indicate great muscular development in the individuals to which thev bolontjed.
B. Neolithjc.
In this divi.siou we find from its earlier to the later period a gradual, hut distinct improvement in the workmanship of the stone implements used by man. Many of the stone axe-heads are ground to a fine polish, and the lance- and arrow-heads are beautifully formed. The remains of the Irish elk, and of the reindeer, the wild ox, grizzly bear, beaver, and wild boar, are found with human remains of this period over the whole of Europe including our Islands. Eeyond this, as Sir A. Geikie observes, " as tribe after tribe of human beings migrated into Europe from some region in Asia, they brought with them the animals they had domesticated — the hog, horse, sheep, goat, short- horn, and dog." The remains of these creatures are found in the river-gravels, cave-tloors, peat-bogs, raised beaches, and other geolo- gical forma'.ions of this period. From the form of their skulls and other remains, there is evidence to show that the descendants of the early Iberian (Palteolithic) race of human beings sjiroad over Europe throughout the Neolithic period. In addition to the Iberians we recognize during the Neolithic period the advent into Western Europe of the, so-called, Cro-Magnon stock. These people were a tall, power- ful race, having capacious skulls which were of the dolichocephalic type like the Iberians. But the latter were a short race of people, who seem neither to have buried or to have paid any respect to their dead. On the other hand, the Cro-Magnon race built the long dolmens in wliicl^^to bury their chiefs, and in which to perform various religious ceremonies in connection with their belief in the immortality of the souls of the departed. Prom evidence of this kind it seems probable that these tall, long-bkullcd people passed from the East into
NEOLITHIC.
51
Europe during the Neolithic period, probably intermarrying with the Iberians.
Among our collection of Neolithic skulls will be found some crania of a totally different race from those above referred to. These are the skulls of people who inhabited some of the islands of Denmark during the Neolithic period. Their remains are also found in Holland, the North of France, the North of England and Ireland. They were a tall, short-skulled or brachycephalic race, having a cranial index of 80 and upwards. The characteristic features of their skulls are those of the Mongolian race of Northern Asia ; they inhabited the part of Europe above referred to before the Bronze age.
279. Tlie Engis cranium.
A cast of this cranium was presented to the Museum by Sir Charles Lyell ; its cranial index is 70, and its capacity large. This cranium was found in the Engis cave near Liege in a mass of breccia, together with the remains of extinct, and of some existing mammals ; worked flint implements of the early Neolithic type, and coarse earthenware were discovered close to these human remains. The form of the cranium, the pottery, and the character of the flint weapons lead us to place this specimen among those belonging to the early Neolithic or post-Glacial period of Europe. Sir Charles Lyell describes, and has a drawing of this skull in his work on the Antiquity of Man, p. 80. Prof. Huxley also in his ' Man's Place in Nature,' p. 120, gives an account of the Engis skull ; he states that " it is quite safe to assume that this skull takes us, at least, the further side of the vague biological limit which separates the present geological epoch from that which immediately preceded it."
College Catalogue, No. 545.
279 ^ 279 \ 279 ^ Casts o£ the Cro-Magnon skulls.
The originals from which these casts where taken were found together with other human bones buried in the upper strata of a natural cave near Les Eyzies (Dordogne). In the strata below this sepulchre the remains of the Palaeolithic inhabitants of this cave were discovered, but the Cro-Magnon skeletons were found in a distinctly Neolithic formation. As in the case of the Mentone, so also in this sepulchre, there were three skeletons : first, that of a powerful, tall old man 6 feet high, "with a cranial index of 73'76 and cranial capacity of 1590 c.c. ; second, a female with a cranial index of 71"72 ; and third, a j-ounger man with a cranial index of 74'75. The foro-
e2
52
KARLY RACES OF MAN.
heads of these people were ■well developed, and so was the occipital region ; the bones of their faces indicated a well- shaped nose, the upper part of the face being broad as com- pared with its length, with a well-formed chin and lower jaw. — See Prof. Boyd Dawkins's ' Cave Hunting,' p. 225 ; Prof. G. de Mortillet's ' Formation de la Nation Frangaise,' p. 311. College Catalogue, Nos. 351, 352, 353.
279^. Skull found in the Rodmarton Dolmen.
This long-chambered dolmen is situated some six miles to the south-west of Cirencester ; its length is about 180 feet and breadth 70 feet ; the height near the east end is 8 feet. Some 25 feet from the eastern end of the dolmen upright stones were found, with a slanting stone resting against them, and from the remains of charcoal and the bones of numerous animals, it seems probable it was here that certain funeral rites took place, and sacrifices to the dead were eaten. Near the centre of the tumulus there was a chamber which was entered from the south by a passage cut in the stones, like a port-hole, through which access to the chamber could be made in a creeping posture ; outside this a narrow gallery formed of upright stones led to the outside of the tumulus. The chamber, which was full cf rubble, contained bits of coarse pottery. In another chamber opposite, and 30 feet distant from the one above described, also formed by upright stones, the skeletons of thirteen people, deposited in a crouched position, were found together with some rude pottery, an axe of green stone ground and polished, two finely-chipped flint leaf-shaped arrow-heads of the early Neolithic type, and lastly a few charred bones. All the skulls are dolichocephalic, four of them being deeply cleft through the whole of the frontal bone. — See description and fig,, ' Crania Britannica,' pi. lix. Barnard Davis Cat., p. 8, No. 1210 (revised No. 29).
27'.1'\ The Muskham cranium was discovered in the valley of the River Trent.
Prof. Huxley was of opinion that this cranium belonged to an adult male, although small enough for a female ; it closely resembles and is probably the cranium of one of the Iberian inhabitants of Britain. See ' Prehistoric Remains of Caithness,' p. 123. With the human remains bones of existing species of animals were found, and it may be assigned to tlie Neo- lithic period. Cranial index 77*5.
College Catalogue, No. 289.
NEOLITHIC.
53
279 A Welsh mutilated cranium from the Dolmen at Porth-y- Ddarfarch, Anglesea.
This cranium is described and figured by Prof. Huxley in the * Prehistoric Remains of Caithness,' p. 123. It belongs to the same period and race of people as the preceding cranium.
College Catalogue, No. 339.
279 ^ The Nore cranium.
This cast is taken from a cranium found in the bed of the river Nore, in Queen's County, Ireland ; cranial index 73"8. Professor Huxley refers to this cranium in his work on the ' Prehistoric Remains of Caithness,' p. 123 : he states that it is a good example of the " river-bed " crania of the inhabitant;S of our islands in the Neolithic Period.
College Catalogue, No. 347.
279 ^ The Moen cranium.
A cast of this brachy cephalic cranium taken from " a gallery- grave" on the Island of Moen, Denmark. Many of the skeletons found in these graves are those of a tall, broad-skulled race of men who inhabited parts of the North of Europe, and of England and Ireland during the Stone age. This cranium is described and figured in Nilsson's work on the Primitive In- habitants of Scandinavia, edited by Lubbock (1868), p. 121, pi, xii. figs. 230, 231 ; also Memoirs Anthrop. Soc. London, vol. i. p. 510.
College Catalogue, No. 551,
279 ^ The Newbio-gin skull.
This fine brachycephalic skull was found in a complex flagged cist near Kirkwall (Orkneys). The cranial index is 83. — See fig. and description, ' Crauia Britannica,' pi. xxi.
Barnard Davis Cat., p. 11, No. 376 (revised No. 162).
279 10 & 279 The Meudon skulls.
These casts were taken from skulls found in the famous long Dolmen of Meudon, south of the river Seine (near Versailles), in which two hundred skeletons were found. Two small (Neolithic) stone axes, and two vases of sun-dried pottery were discovered in this dolmen. The point of interest in these human remains is, that previously to the Bronze age we find that men of the long- and broad-skulled races were buried together. It is
54
EARLY RACES OF MAN.
probable that this brachycephalic skull belonged to one of the same race of people as those found in the Island of Moen, the dimensions of the skull and its other features point to this conclusion. See description and drawings of these skulls in the Memoirs Anthrop. Soc. London, vol. i. pp. 135, 492.
Barnard Davis Cat., p. 71, Nos. 558, 559 (revised Nos. 226, 227).
C Bronze,
The Erouze succeeded the Neolithic epoch, and is characterized among the inhabitants of Europe by the introduction, and subsequent substitution, of Bronze instruments and weapons for those of stoue, bone, and horn. Throughout this period the Palaeolithic and Neolithic races continued to spread, and to flourish over the whole of Europe. In the Bronze age, however, we have clear evidence of the migration into Western Europe of a race of men who had previously to that epoch been unknown in this part of the world. These new comers spread over France and into our Islands ; they probably intermarried with the pre-existing inhabitants, and it was from the mingling of the descendants of the Palaiolithic, the Neolithic, and Bronze-age people that the Ancient British stock was formed.
The collection of skulls in our Museum affords us specimens of the crania of the Bronze-age race. They were Brachycephalic, broad- skulled, and were a dark, small people, who were in the habit of burning the bodies of their dead ; their skulls are consequently less numerous than we might otherwise have expected. Cinerary urns containing the ashes of the bodies of these people, and the round Barrows in which their remains were deposited cover the Wiltsliire hills, and are common in many other parts of Great Britain, Central Europe, and parts of Asia. The deep nasal notch, receding external margin of the orbits, prominent cheek-bones, with the rounded contour of these crania, are characteristic features of the skulls of the short brachycephalic race, — the makers and traders in Bronze instruments of prehistoric times in Europe. They were the people who built and dwelt in the numerous Lake-villages of Switzerland and other parts of Europe, including those found in various parts of Great Britain. Their original racial home was probably the South-east of Asia, where alluvial tin is found in great abundance. They appear to have learnt how to mix tin and copper ores in such proportions as to form bronze, which from its hardness and toughness was invaluable to the inhabitants of Europe, who, up to the close of the Bronze period, were un- acquainted with the properties of iron. Together with bronze instru- ments, numerous articles made of Jade. Nephrite, nnd Chloromelanite,
BRONZE,
55
minerals which are not indigenous to Europe but are found in abund- ance in the East of Asia, have been discovered with the remains of the Lake-dwellers.
280. The Codford skull.
A Brachycephalic skull found in one of the numerous oblong Barrows which cover the country around Stonehenge. It is a typical Mongoloid cranium, with deep depression at the root of the nose, and having a cranial index of 85-3. The skull is that of a man belonging to the Bronze period in England. It is described and figured in the ' Crania Britanuica,' pi. xiv., and was discovered at Codford, near Heytesbury, S. Wilts. Dr. Thurnam has collected and measured 25 skulls from the round Barrows in various parts of Great Britain ; their mean cranial index is 80, " not one skull, properly speaking, being dolichocephalic," Memoirs Anthrop. Soc. London, vol. iii. p. 48. The skulls of these people are comparatively rare, as they were in the habit of burning the bodies of their dead.
College Catalogue, No. 297.
280 \ The Green-Gate-Hill skull.
This skull formed part of one of two skeletons which were found in the Green-Gate-Hill Barrow, Yorkshire. The skeletons in this Barrow were, as was usual at this period, placed in the sitting posture with the knees drawn up towards the chin. In the same barrow burnt human bones were discovered, indicating the practice of cremation, probably of the slaves of the Chief whose bones were found in this barrow. The cranial index of this skull is 80. The abrupt prominence of the nasal bones rising from the deep depression below the marked supraorbital ridges is characteristic of the Mongoloid type of skull. — See ' Crania Britannica,' pis. iii. & iv.
Barnard Davis Cat., No. 97 (revised No. 21), p. 4.
280^. Sunderland cranium.
This cranium was found in a cist (in North Sunderland) which also contained three cinerary urns. The cranium was that of a person not more than ten years of age, the permanent canines, the second premolar and second molar teeth not having been cut. The cranial index is 81; and the general characters of the cranium indicate that it belonged to one of the short, broad- skulled race of people who migrated into Britain during the Bronze period.
B. Davis Cat., No. HIS (revised No. 28), p. G.
56
EARLY RACES OF MAN.
280 ^. Tho Dorset cranium.
A small Brachycephalic cranium of the same type as the pre- ceding Bronze-age skulls, and having a cranial index of 87'6. It was found in a railway-cutting in Dorset.
B. Davis Cat. No. 220 (revised No. 25), p. 4.
280 \ Orcadian skull.
A Brachycephalic skull (cranial index 80) found in a flagged cist in the parish of Rindall, Island of Pomona. B. Davis Cat. No. 583 (revised No. 164), p. 13.
D. Ancient British.
In Western Europe the Bronze was succeeded by the Iron period ; the use of this latter metal gradually superseding Bronze. It is not probable that Iron was extensively employed by the inhabitants of England before the j'ear b.c. 1000 to 700, and in Ireland not until near the commencement of the present era.
The collection of skulls and casts in our Museum affords us good examples of the form of the crania of tho inhabitants of our islands before the occupation of England by the Eomans. These skulls indicate the continued existence in Great Britain of the races who spread over Western Europe during the Bulseolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze periods. In addition, from these crania we learn that these long- and broad-skulled people had intermarried and a cross-breed had thus been formed, for the cranial index of many of their descendants ranges from 76 to 79. (The cranial index of the Dolichocephalic race being below 75, and the Brachycephalic above 80.)
Some of the crania of the ancient Britons not only indicate the race of men to which they belonged, but they are also remarkable for their capacity. The Linton Heath skull, for example, has a cranial capacity of 1780 c.c, much above that of the average Englishman of the present day. This fact may possibly be accounted for by these remains being those of an ancient British chief, a man elevated to this position on account of his valour and strength, and whose body after death would have been carefully interred, and his burial-place held in honour by succeeding generations.
281. The Gristhorpe skull.
The original skull from which this cast was taken was dis- covered in a Barrow at Gristhorpe, N. Biding, Yorkshire. Within this barrow was a coflBn hollowed out of a split oak tree, in which was the skeleton of a man some 6 feet 2 inches
ANCIENT BRlTISir.
57
in height ; together with these humau remains a bronze dagger was found. This massive skull, with its high cheek-boaes, deep nasal arch, and bra chy cephalic form, is characteristic of the type of skull before referred to as having existed from the Stone period onwards in the islands of Denmark, and the north of Europe. Cranial index 83"6.
B. Davis Cat. No. V23 (revised No. 23), p. 3.
281 \ The Linton Heath skull (Cambridge.^hire).
One of many human skulls found in this locality, most of them were so brittle that when touched they crumbled to pieces. The skull is of the same type as the above, and belongs to the same period ; its cranial index is 80'7.
College Catalogue, No. 318. See pi. xlix., ' Crania Britan- nica,' and description,
281 2. The Witney skull (Brighthampton, Oson).
The skull of an ancient Briton belonging to the largo Brachycephalic race; having a cranial index of 81*1. College Catalogue, No. 322.
281 ^. A Dolichocephalic skull from Witney, Oxen, having a cranial index of 75'2.
This skull, taken from the same locality as the Witney Brachycephalic cranium, demonstrates the fact that the broad- aud long-skulled races lived together in Britain during early historic times.
College Catalogue, No. 321.
281 \ The Linton Heath skull.
This ancient British skull belongs to one of the " East Angle " stock ; it is a fine specimen of one of the Dolicho- cephalic aboriginal inhabitants of that part of England. The cranial index is 75"3.
B. Davis Cat. No. ti72 (revised No. 62), p. 25. See ' Crania Britannica,' pi. xlvi.
281 ^ The Kirkhill skull.
This Brachycephalic " ancient Scottish " skull was found in a " rude cist " on the Kirkhill, St. Andrews. Cranial index 81 3.
B. Davis Cat. No. 761 (revised No, 171), p. 16.
58
EARLY RACES OF MAN.
281 ^ A Brachycephalic skull found in a cist, at St. Andrews.
It demonstates well the form of the cranium, and prominent cheek-bones, with deep depression at root of the nose, charac- teristic of the broad-skulled race of Northern Europe in pre- historic times. Cranial index 83-5.
B. Davis Cat. No. 762 (revised No. 172), p. 16.
281 ^ A Brachycephalic skull found near the above locality, and probably of about the same period.
Cranial index 82. Cranial capacity 1400 c.c. College Catalogue, No. 342.
281*. From the same place as the above, a Dolichocephalic cranium having a cranial index of 74-8.
Cranial capacity 1325 c.c. College Catalogue, No. 344.
281*. A cranium found in the peat beneath the roots of an old tree at Ridlington, Norfolk.
Cranial index 71'1 ; capacity 1500 c.c. College Catalogue, No. 290.
281^°. The cast of a fine Brachycephalic cranium from the bed of the Blackwater River, in Armagh.
This cranium is of the same tj'pe as that of the Linton and other crania found in England and the North of Europe before the dawn of the historic period in this part of the world. Cranial index 83* 1.
College Catalogue, No. 350.
281 The cast of a skull found at a depth of seven feet below the Round Tower of Drumbo, Co. Down.
This skull is of the same type as the above, indicating tlie presence of the tall Brachjcephalic race in Ireland in pre- historic times. Cranial index 85.
B. Davis Cat. No. 176 (revised No. 190), p. 64.
281 " & 281 Two casts of "Ancient Hibernian" crania belong- ing to the tall Brachycephalic typo, with a cranial index of upwards of 80. B. Davis Cat. Nos.770 and 771 (revised Xos. 166, 1^6), p. 1.3.
ROMAN.
59
281 A Dolichocephalic skull found near Sligo Abbey. Cranial index 73"3.
B. Davis Cat. No. 821 (revised No. 197), p. 66.
281 A Dolichocephalic cranium from the island of Aranmore, Galway.
Cranial index 74 "S.
B. Davis Cat. No. 843 (revised No. 209), p. 68. E. Roman.
From a craniological point of view there is no evidence to lead us to think that the occupation of England by the Romans modified the racial character of the inhabitants of this country. Two of the crania of Romans of the 1st and 3rd centuries are sufficient to demonstrate the type of skull of the conquerors of Eugland who came from the banks of the Tiber.
282. The Kingsholm skull (Gloucester) was unearthed from nine feet below the surface of the ground.
Many Roman remains have been found in the vicinity of Kingsholm ; and, in connection with these human bones, coins were discovered, which indicate that the skeleton was buried in the site in which it was found during the first or second century of the Christian era. {See ' Crania Britannica,' pi. xxxvi., with description.) The erect, short square outline of the face, aquiline nose level with the glabella, together with the broad and square low forehead, are characteristic features of the Romans of this period. Cranial index 75-3.
B. Davis Cat. No. 170 (revised No. 35), p. 18.
282 ^ The Bartlow Hills skull (Essex).
This cranium was found in one of the remarkable Roman sepulchral tumuli on the hills situated on the Cambridgeshire border of Essex. One of these tumuli was forty-five feet high, and in it were found numerous funeral vessels of glass and pottery, bronze and silver ornaments all of Roman workman- ship, with cinerary urns containing human remains. The practice of burning the bodies of the dead had completely fallen into disuse at the end of the 4th century in Western Europe. This skull is that of a female, and, from the coins found near, her remains must have been buried some time between the years 267 and 337 A.D.
60"
EARLY RACES OF MAN.
The skull has delicate proportions, the depressed lower border of orbits curved somewhat over the small cheeks. The fine teeth, full smooth glabella, and forehead tending to square- ness, are well recognized features in the skulls of Roman females of the period mentioned above. Cranial index 79-4. See ' Crania Britannica,' pi. xxx.
B. Davis Cat. No. 168 (revised No. 33), p. 18.
F. Anglo-Saxon.
Subsequent to the decline of the power of the Romans, England was overrun by Scandinavians, Danes, Saxons, Engles, and Frisians, all of whom were more or less pure descendants of the original Teutonic race of Northern Europe. They were a tall, fair Dolichocephalic people, the Frisians and Jutes probably less so than the other nations men- tioned, they having mixed with the tall, fair Brachycephalic inhabitants of the Palajolithic and Neolithic people from the islands of Denmark and the North Sea. These Teutonic tribes not only overran England and Scotland, but in consequence of the determined resistance by the inhabitants which they encountered, were forced in self-defence to exterminate the Ancient Britons from a large area of the country. As time went on we learn, from a study of the form of their skulls, that the Teutons and the descendants of the British inhabitants of our Island who had been spared intermarried, and the Anglo-Saxon race was formed; the Teutonic element predominating largely throughout a great part of England and Scotland. As the authors of the ' Crania Britannica' state, the tendency of the Anglo-Saxon skull is towards the Dolichocephalic type. " The eye at once perceives that this is the conformation so generally repeated in modern English skulls. Its permanence as a character of race is at once unquestionable, and im- pressive." 'Crania Britannica,' description of Anglo-Saxon skulls, pis. xxxix. & xl.
283. Ihe Malton cranium found in a cutting of the Driffield Railway, Yorkshire, with an Anglo-Saxon iron sword 2 ft. 8 in. long laid by the side of the skeleton. Cranial index 77*4.
B. Davis Cat. No. 581 (revised No. G3), p. 26.
283 K The Keinp Town skull.
This skull was discovered in a tumulus at Brighton. Beside the ekeleton were found a sword and spcar-licnd, boar's tusks,
ANGLO-SAXON'.
CI
find bone pins made of the metatarsals of a small horse. Cranial index 77'9.
B. Davis Cat. No. 54 (revised No. 64), p. 26.
283 ^. The skull of an Anglo-Saxon young woman.
Cranial index 74"6. ' Crania Britannica,' pi. xlvii., and description.
B. Davis Cat. No. 587 (revised No. 74), p. 32.
283 A skull found in a ' tuinulary cemetery ' near York, believed to be that of one of the earl}' Saxon Christians of the seventh or eighth century.
Cranial index 78-6. Capacity 1500 c.e. College Catalogue, No. 316.
283 \ The skull of an " East- Angle."
B. Davis Cat. No. 42 (revised No. 56), p. 24.
283 \ The skull of an " East-Angle."
B. Davis Cat. No. 44 (revised No. 58), p. 24.
1. EUROPE*. A. The British Isles.
a. Ex'GLAA^D.
«, Ancient British, or presumably ancient, though of uncertain
date.
288. The greater part of the skeleton of an adult male, found beneath a bed of peat, which lay below a sand-hill on tlie sea-coast near Leasowe Castle, in Cheshire.
The skeleton, and the circumstances under which it was dis- covered, are described by Mr. Busk in the ' Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London,' vol. iv., p. 101.
* In consequence of the uncertainty which still prevails with regard to the classification and mutual relations of the races of Man, it has been thought best, in this Catalogue, to adhere to an almost purely geographical arrangement.
G2
KUROPE.
The teeth are much worn. The coronal and sagittal sutures are completely obliterated, the lambdoidal nearly so. Clavicle 143, humerus 340, radius 25.5, femur 462. Cranium : C. 545, L. 190, B. 148, Bi. 779. Presented hy General the Hon. Sir Edward Cast, 1864.
289. A calvaria, fonud at Miiskham, in the valley of the
Trent: S-
See Huxley, " Notes upon Human Eemains from the Valley of the Trent," in ' The Geologist ' for June 1862. The skull is also described and figured in Laing and Huxley's ' Prehistoric Remains of Caithness,' 1866, p. 120, figs. 48-51.
C. 507, L. 178, B. 138, Bi. 775, H. 135, Hi. 758, Ca. 1300.
The plane of the foramen magnum is remarkably oblique, the basilar angle (Broca) being 42°.
Presented hy Francis Drake, Esq., 1867.
290. A cranium, found in the peat beneath the roots of an old
tree, while making a ditch at Ridlington, Norfolk.
This specimen is mentioned in the sketch of the Geology of Norfolk in "White's ' Gazetteer,' and (with the two following) was formerly in the possession of Mr. J. Gunn.
Metopic.
C. 518, L. 187, B. 133, Bi. 711, H. 140, Hi. 749, BN. 99, BA. 92, Ai. 929, Nh. 49, Nw. 22, Ni. 449, Ow. 39, Oh. 30, Oi. 769, Ca. 1500.
Presented, hy George Busk, Esq., 1865.
291. A cranium, found in digging a ditch near Wayford Bridge,
in Norfolk, at a depth of four feet, in peat : ? ?
C. 523, L. 188, B. 126, Bi. 670, H. 125, Hi. 665, BN. 97, BA. 95, Ai. 979, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 37, Oh. 32, Oi. 865, Ca. 1200.
Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1868.
291 ^ A cranium, dredged from the bed of the Itiver Orwell, Ipswich, from four feet of peat covered with five feet of mud.
The cranium is weathered by exposure on the deck of the dredger, where it also had s'>me grease dropped on it.
C. 530, L. 188, B. 140, Bi. 74."), H. 13;5, Hi. 707, BN. 101, Ow. 37, Oh. 29, Oi. 784, Ca. 1570.
Presented hy Mrs. X. F. Layard, 1901.
ENGLAND.
C3
292. A skull from Hiclding, Norfolk.
Lower jaw presented by Mr. Gunn, Oct. 11th, 1879.
" Found, with the entire skeleton, at a depth of about eight feet, in clearing out a drain-ditch ; the skeleton lay in a slanting semivertical position S •
C. 518, L. 182, B. 138, Bi. 758, H. 134, Hi. 736, BN. 102, BA. 97, Ai. 951, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 40, Oh. 33, Oi. 825, Ca. 1500.
Presented hy George Bush, Esq., 1868.
293. The cranium of a young person, from a peat-bog in North-
amptonshire, wanting the greater part of the base.
The basilar suture is not closed ; and the posterior molars aro not in place.
C. 515, L. 178, B. 144, Bi. 809.
Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 18G8.
294. The frontal and parietal bones of a cranium, fi-om a peat-
bog in Northamptonshire. " From J. Prestwich, Esq., Bee. 1866."
Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1868.
295.. A calvaria, found at a depth of sixteen feet below the surface, Southern Outfall Works, Thames.
The deposit in which it was found is thus described : — Vegetable soil 1' 2", yellow clay 3' 6", peat 2' 5", blue clay 8'0'', silt 3' 0" (in this the skull was found), peat 0' 9", peat and clay mixed 0' 5'', peat 1' 0", peat and clay 0' 7", running sand 1' 3'', Thames ballast 30' 0". L. 182, B. 144, Bi. 791.
Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1865.
295 ^ A cranium, found in blue clay sixteen feet below the surface when excavating near Waterloo Station : .
C. 510, L. 179, B. 143, Bi. 799, H. 132, Hi. 737, BN. 99, BA. 94, Ai. 949, Nh. 48, Nw. 28, Ni. 583, Ow. 39, Oh. 31, Oi. 795, Ca. 1545.
Presented hy the Directors of the London 5f South- Western Railway, 1904.
296. A calvaria., found in 1809, at a depth of thirty-six feet, in Carnon Stream Work, Cornwall. The frontal suture is persistent. C. 523, L. 183, B. 137, Bi. 749.
64
KUROPE.
297. An ancient British skull, found, in 1852, in a barrow at
Codford, near Heytesburj, Wilts : S' •
Described and figured in Davis and Thurnam's ' Crania Eritannica,' no. xxix.
C. 503, L. 170, B. 145, Bi. 853, H. 130, Hi. 765, BN. 95, BA. 90, Ai. 947, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 41, Oh. 31, Oi. 756, Ca. 1300.
Presented Iiy J. Y. Akerman, Esq., 1857.
297 ^ An ancient British cranium, found at a depth of twenty- seven feet while excavating for the Manchester Ship Canal.
It was imbedded in a layer of fine sharp sand, over which was a la3 er of blue silt 3 ft. 6 in. in thickness, covered by red clay 6 f L in thickness and surface soil of 1 ft. It probably belonged to a young male.
C. 501, L. 175, B. 140, Bi. 800, H. 132, Hi. 754, BN. 96, BA. 95, Ai. 990, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Xi. 440, Ow. 37, Oh. 35, Oi. 946.
Presented hi/ J. AherneaiJn/, Esq., 1890.
yS. Roman and Romano-British.
Owing to the impossibility of distinguishing these in many cases, the remains of the Roman invaders of Britain are classed Avith the inhabitants of the island who lived under their rule.
298. The greater part of the skeleton of a man, disinterred by
the donor at Frilford, near Abingdon, Berks, May 27th, 1870.
The following note from Professor Bolleston accompanied the specimen: — "Found in a grave running from N.N.W. to B.S.E., about 2' 4" deep. Abundant charcoal was found in the grave, close to the bones ; large stones were also close to the skeleton. Flints and shards were found in the grave. The interment was such a one as those described by me in the ' ArchiEologia,' vol. xlii.* (]>. 6 of separate issue of ilemoir), as ' Roman or Romano-British Interments, witliout leaden but in most cases probably with wooden coffins, and in semiorientcd graves.' The skull is one of the type vci y frequent in llomano-
* " Researches and Excavations carried on in an Ancient Cemetery at Frilford, near .\bingdon, Berks, in the years 1867-68," Archaeologia, vol. xlii. p. 417.
ENGLAND.
65
Eritish times, and supposed by me (L c, p. 38) to belong to the ' Cimbric ' type of Ret/.ius."
Clavicle 155; humerus, r. 322, I. 312; radius 239; femur, r. 441, L 433; tibia 354.
The sagittal suture is completely, and the coronal and lamb- doidul sutures are in great part nbliterated.
Cranium : C. 552, L. 196, B. 145, Bi. 740, H. 132, Hi. 673, BX 102, BA. 96, Ai. 941, Nh. 48, N\v. 22, Ni. 458, Oh. 40, Ow. 34, Oi. 850, Ca. 1700.
Presented hy Professor Rolleston, 1875.
299. The greater part o£ the skeleton of a woman, disinterred
by the donor at Frilford, Jan. 20th, 1869.
"Taken from a grave 35" deep and running from N.?f.W. to S.S.E. by S.E. Nails were found in the neighbourhood of the body, which was in all probability that of a Eomano-British woman."
Clavicle 132, humerus 283, radius 213, femur 408. Cranium : C. 512, L. 175, B. 145, Bi. 829, H. 120, Hi. 688 Ca. 1390.
Presented hy Professor Rolleston, 1875
300. A skull, taken, in 1857, from a tumular cemetery on
White- Horse Hill, Berkshire : S •
For a description of the cemetery in which it was found, and reasons for supposing that it belonged to a late period of the Boman occupation (fourth or fifth century), see Davis and Thurnam's ' Crania Britannica,' part li.
All the calvarial sutures are united.
C. 548, L. 193, B. 145, Bi. 751, H. 131, Hi. 679, BX. 103, BA. 93, Ai. 903, Nh. 51, Nw. 22, Ni. 431, Ow. 40, Oh. 35, Oi. 875, Ca. 1575.
Presented hy Dr. J. Thnrnam, 1858.
301. An adult metopic skull, from the same cemetery : $ .
C. 492, t. 172, B. 129, Bi. 750, H. 120, Hi. 698, BN. 91, BA. 85, Ai. 934, Nh. 47, Nw. 24, Ni. 511, Ow. 36, Oh. 32, Oi. 889.
Presented hy Dr. ./. Tlmrnam, 1858.
302. The skull of a young person, from the same cemetery : ? ?
The basilar suture is not consolidated. All the permanent teeth are in place, except the posterior molars.
C. 515, L. 184, B. 141, Bi. 766, H. 130, Hi. 707, Ca. 1220.
Presented hy Dr. J. Thurnam, 1858.
6G
KUROPE.
303. A skull, presented as " Sknll of an Ancient Roman, Blandford, Dorset : " •
There is a circular exostosis on the right parietal bone.
C. 500, L. 178, B. 133, Bi. 747, H. 126, Hi. 708, BN. 100, BA. 97, Ai. 970, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Oh. 41, Ow. 34, Oi. 829, Ca. 1290.
Presented hr/ J. Y. Alderman, Esq.
30i. A mutilated cranium, from the same place : ^ .
C. 525, L. 185, B. 142, Bi. 768, H. 124, Hi. 670.
Presented btj J. Y. Akerman, Esq.
305. A mutilated cranium, from the same place. C. 507, L. 179, B. 132, Bi. 737.
Presented Inj J. Y. Alierman, Esq.
30G. A metopic cranium, marked "From the camp atSpettisbury, near Blandford, Dorset, 1857 : " .
C. 543, L. 193, B. 149, Bi. 772, H. 142, Hi. 736, BN. 98, BA. 95, Ai. 969, Nh. 54, Nw. 26, M. 481, Ow. 40, Oh. 34, Oi. 850, Ca. 1790.
307. A cranium, with the same inscription : ?
Very large, probably hydrocephalic, the cranial bones being disproportionate to those of the face.
C. 558, L. 196, B. 156, Bi. 796, H. 136, Hi. 694, BN. 110, BA. 104, Ai. 945, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 41, Oh. 33, Oi. 805, Ca. 1730.
308. A skull, said io be that of " a Roman, from Jordans, near
Weymouth:" c? • It has a very large epactal bone.
C. 528, L. 184, B. 147, Bi. 799, H. 139, Hi. 755, BN. 99, BA. 93, Ai. 939, Nh. 55, Nw. 25, Ni. 455, Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi. 895, Ca. 1600.
Presented by J. Macmeikan, Esq., 18G0.
The following seven specimens were sent to the Museum in 18G1 as " Roman skulls dug up in Cannon Street, in the city of London, 1861." They present a general resemblance, being all long, low, and rather broad ; having the glabella, supraorbital prominences, mastoid processes, and muscular ridges little developed, the focial bonos small, and tlio orbits large and liigli.
ENGLAND.
G7
309. A skull, dug up in Cannon Street in 1861 : J*.
C. 538, L. 188, B. 145, Bi. 771, H. 125, Hi. 665, BN. 100, BA. 97, Ai. 970, Nh. 55, Nw. 25, Nl 455, Ow. 40, Oh. 35, 01. 875, Ca. 1475.
310. A skull, dug up in Cannon Street in 1861 : .
C. 525, L. 183, B. 140, Bi. 765, H. 120, Hi. 656, BN. 95. BA. 90, Ai. 947, Nh. 52, Nw. 26, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 38, Oi. 1000, Ca. 1370.
311. A skull, dug up in Canpon Street in 1861 : c??
C. 525, L. 190, B. 138, Bi. 726, H. 123, Hi. 647, BN. 97, BA. 94, Ai. 969, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 36, Oh. 33, Oi. 917, Ca. 1380.
312. A cranium, dug up in Cannon Street in 1861 : (J .
C. 503, L. 177, B. 135, Bi. 763, H. 132, Hi. 746, BN. 101, BA. 92, Ai. 911, Nh. 53, Nw. 23, Ni. 434, Ow. 39, Oh. 34, Oi. 872, Ca. 1370.
313. A cranium, dug up in Cannon Street in 1861 : .
C. 528, L. 188, B. 143, Bi. 761, H. 132, Hi. 702, BN. 96, BA. 92, Ai. 958, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 37, Oh. 32, Oi. 865, Ca. 1530.
314. A cranium, dug up in Cannon Street iu 1861 : ? .
C. 495, L. 172, B. 137, Bi. 797, H. 124, Hi. 721, BN. 88, BA. 78, Ai. 886, Nh. 46, Nw. 20, Ni. 435, Ow. 35, Oh. 32, Oi. 914, Ca. 1270.
315. A cranium, dug up in Cannon Street iu 1861 : $ .
C. 492, L. 172, B. 127, Bi. 738, H. 121, Hi. 703, BN. 95, BA. 93, Ai. 979, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 33, Oi. 846, Ca. 1190.
315 ^ A cranium, dug up in making excavations at Bevis Marks, Houndsditch.
Found in the Eoman clay along with some slabs bearing Eoman inscriptions which were removed to the City Library, Oct. 1884. The cranium is somewhat distorted on the left side and bulging posteriorly on the right side.
C. 516, L. 178, B. 141, Bi. 792, H. 131, Hi. 736, BN. 99, BA. 100, Ai. 1010, Nh. 48, Nw. 25, Ni. 521, Ow. 36, Oh. 31, Oi, 861, Ca. 1400.
Purchased, 1885. f2
EUROPE.
315 ^. A craniom, dug up at London Wall wliile excavating for foundations.
Found among quantities of Eoman pottery about 22 feet below the present surface-level.
C. 525, L. 186, B. 144, Bi. 774, H. 135, Hi. 726, BX. 102, BA. 92, Ai. 902, Nh. 56, Nw. 25, Ni. 446, Ow. 42, Oh. 38, Oi. 905, Ca. 1535.
Purchased, 1885.
315^. A craninm, dug up at the same place.
C. 525, L. 187, B. 139, Bi. 743, H. 141, Hi. 754, BX. 104, BA. 97, Ai. 93:5, Nh. 54, Nw. 24, Ni. 444, Ow. 40, Oh. 34, Oi. 850, Ca. 1620.
Purchased, 1885.
315*. A cranium, dug up at the same plnce.
C. 528, L. 186, B. 140, Bi. 753, H. 132, Hi. 710, BN. 103, BA. 93, Ai. 903, Nh. 53, Nw. 23, Ni. 434, Ow. 39, Oh. 33, Oi. 846, Ca. 1510.
Purchased, 1885.
315 ^. A cranium, dug up at the same place.
C. 518, L. 181, B. 144, Bi. 796, H. 134, Hi. 740, BN. 97, BA. 89, Ai. 918, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 36, Oi. 947.
Purchased, 1885.
315 A cah aria, from the same place. C. 526, L. 181, B. 143, Bi. 790.
Purchased, 1885.
7. Anfflo- Saxon Period.
[316] A skull, found in a tumulary cemetery near York, referred 283^. by the donor to the early Saxon Christians of the seventh
or eighth century : S • 0. C. 5712. See Dr. Thurnam's Memoir, communicated to the Yorkshire
Philosophical Society, of which au abstract will be tound iu
0. C. p. 881.
C. 525, L. 188, B. 148, Bi. 787, H. 133, Hi. 707, BN. 99, BA. 96, Ai. 970, Nh. 51, Nw. 23, Ni. 451, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
01. 921, Ca. 1500.
Presented hi/ Dr. John Tkurnam, 1848.
ENGLAND.
69
316 \ A mutilated skull.
316 2. A mutilated skull.
L. 177, H. 134, Hi. 757, BN. 107, BA. 97, Ai, 907, 0\v. 42, Oh. 31, Oi. 738.
316 ^. A mutilated skull. 316 *. A mutilated skull. 316 ^ A mutilated skull. 316 *. A mutilated cranium.
L. 186, B. 140, Bi. 753, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 4G0, Ow. 38. Oh. 33, 01. 868.
316 ^. A mutilated cranium. 316 Various bones.
316 ^. Various bones.
The above nine specimens of Bronze age, from Yorkshire, were presented hy the Rev. Canon Greenwell, 1894.
317. The skull of an Anglo-Saxon, discovered in 1858 in a tumulus on Wye Hill, on the left of the high road from Wye to Dover, with an iron spear-head and a small knife.
It is figured and described in Davis and Thurnam's ' Crania Britannica,' pi. xlvi. The right lower canine is retained within the alveolus.
C. 540, L. 196, B. 144, Bi. 735, H. 146, Hi. 745.
Presented hy C. Roach Smith, lUsq.
317 \ A skull and right femur, dug up iu the parish of Ash,
near Sandv^^ich, Kent.
Body interred at full length on the back. No weapon was found with it. But iu the earth removed with the body wns a gold coin of the Emperor Honorius. The body was probably interred about the year 400 a.d.
C. 540, L. 193, B. 143, Bi. 741, H. 135, Hi. 699, BN. 106, BA. 102, Ai. 962, Nh. 52, Nw. 23, Ni. 4J2, Ow. 41, Oh. 35, Oi 854, Ca. 1650.
Presented by Dr. Wcdl, 1894.
[318] A skull, found with about fifty others, in 1853, in an 281 K Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Linton Heath, Cambridge- shire : .
rigured and described in ' Crania Britaniiic;i,' pi. xhx.
70
EUROPE.
Many of the others found with it were in such an extremely brittle condition that they crumbled on being touched.
C. 553, L. 192, B. 155, Bi. 807, H. 142, Hi. 740, BK 102, BA. 95, Ai. 931, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 39, Oh. 33, Oi. 846, Ca. 1780.
Presented hy the Hon. Richard C. Neville, 1853.
318 ^ A cranium^ found in an early Saxon clialk-coffin at the site of Chertsey Abbey. Supposed date, a.d. 1230.
C. 531, L. 181, B. 150, Bi. 829, Nh. 52, Nw. 29, Ni. 558, Ow. 39, Oh. 34, Oi. 872.
318 ^. A calvaria, from the same place. C. 522, L. 172, B. 155, Bi. 901.
318 ^. A calvaria, from the same place. C. 541, L. 181, B. 156, Bi. 862.
318 A calvaria, from the same place. C 523, L. 174, B. 153, Bi. 879.
318 ^. A skull, from the same place.
C. 524, L. 190, B. 138, Bi. 726, H. 138, Hi. 726, m. 105, BA. 97, Ai. 924, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 36, Oh. 31, Oi. 861.
318 ^. A skull, from the same place.
C. 538, L. 190, B. 139, Bi. 732, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 37, Oh. 33, Oi. 892.
318 ^ . A calvaria.
C. 523, L. 172, B. 147, Bi. 855, H. 126, Hi. 733, BN. 92.
318 ^. Two humeri, one femur and a tibia : from the same place.
The above ei<jht specimens jn^esentcd hy J. Y. Akerman, Esq.
319. A skull, probably from the same cemetery as No. 318 : ? .
C. 478, L. 170, B. 127, Bi. 747, H. 124, Hi. 729, BN. 94, BA. 89, Ai. 9^7, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 35, Oi. 8!J7.
Presented hy the Hon. liichard C. Neville.
ENGLAND.
71
320. A mutilated cranium, having a remarkably low and narrow forehead, a mandible, and a left femur and tibia.
These are described by the donor as " Bones of a Saxon, from the cemetery at Bartlow, in Essex, found in February 1853. This was the body of a warrior ; he lay on his shield, of which the iron boss was found under the skull, and an iron knife was at his side. Part of the frontal bone of a child lay near the feet."
Presented by the Hon. Richard C. Neville.
[321] A skull, with the cervical vertebra? (wanting the atlas), 281^. found in 1857 in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Bright- hainpton, near Witney, Oxon : ? .
See ' Archaeologia,' vol. xxxvii. p. 391, and ' Crania Britan- nica,' where a skull from the same cemetery is described and figured (pi. xlviii.).
C. 528, L. 190, B. 113, Bi. 753, H. 129, Hi. 679, BN. 95, BA. 96, Ai. 1011, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 37, Oh. 31, Oi. 838.
Presented by J. Y. Akerman, Esq.
[322] A skull, with the cervical vertebrte preserved, from the 281^. same cemetery: ? ?
C. 504, L. 175, B. 142, Bi. 811, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Ni. 440, Ow. 37, Oh. 36, Oi. 973.
Presented by J. Y. AkernuDi, Esq.
322 ^. A mandible, from the same cemetery, stained green by contact with a bronze fibula on the breast.
323. A skull, showing considerable posthumous distortion,
found in 1875 in a Saxon cemetery at Bishopstone, near Aylesbury : ? .
Presented by the Rev. Charles Lowndes., 1875..
324. A mutilated calvaria, from the same locality : (J .
C. 545, L. 195, B. 145, Bi. 744.
Presented by the Rev, Charles Lowndes, 1877.
h. Of Uncertain Date, or Modern.
325. A mutilated calvaria, found in the chalk at Lewisham,
showing signs of posthumous distortion.
Presented J>y George Busk, Esq., ISlio.
72
EUROPE.
325^. The craninm of a male, from Ancaster, near Grantham.
C. 536, L. 186, B. 144, Bi. 774, H. 135, Hi. 726, BX. 101, BA. 99, Ai. 980, Nh. 51, Kw. 26, Ni. 510, Ow. 39, Oh. 34, Oi. 872, Ca. 1565.
Presented hij Frank Xewcomhe, Esq., 1877.
326. A f^kull, found in digging a dniin near Whitehall Stairs, May 23rd, 1823: ^. O.C. 5713.
There were two other skulls and many loose bones found in the same spot.
C. 515, L. 182, B. 140, Bi. 769, H. 130, Hi. 714, BN. 102, BA. 99, Ai. 971, Nh. 54, Nw. 22, Ni. 407, Ow. 37, Oh. 32, Oi. 865, Ca. 1410.
Presented by William Lynn, Esq., 1823.
S26-'. A cranium found in 1873 at the junction of King Street with Rose Lane, Norwich, during the construction of an upper sewer under the direction of Mr. Morcent. The sewer, which was about 10 feet deep, was situated about midway up the incline of the valley of the Wensum, in black sandy soil supposed to have been about 7 feet deep and not disturbed : ^ . C. 5.32, L. 190, B. 146, Bi. 768, H. 128, Hi. 674, BX. 96,
BA. 94, Ai. 979, Nh. 42, Nw. 25, Ni. 595, Ow. 36, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1515.
Presented by John Gunn, Esq., 1875.
326 ^ A skull, found on the site of a long disused church- yard where the church of St. Olave formerly stood, Norwich : (J .
C. 488, L. 170, B. 134, Bi. 788, H. 136, Hi. 800, BN". 100, BA. 95, Ai. 950, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Xi. 468, Ow. 37, Oh. 31, Oi. 838, Ca. 1350.
Presented ly William Kemp, Esq., 1879.
826'. A cranium, dredged fi om the bed of the Thames between Battersca and Vauxhall Bridge, 1863 : ^ .
C. 549, L. 198, B. 140, Bi. 707, H. 142, Hi. 717, BN. 104, BA. 102, Ai. 981, Xh. 52, Nw. 23, Ni. 442, Ow. 37, Oh. 32, Oi. 865, Ca. 1730.
326 ^ A cninium, dredged from the bed of the Thames 200 yards south of Chelsea Bridge : ^ . C. 520, L. 184, B. 142, Bi. 772, H. 134, Hi. 728, BN. 100,
ENGLAND.
73
BA. 103, Ai. 945, Nh. 53, Nw. 21, Ni. 396, Ow. 38, Oh. 35, Oi. 921, Ca. 1550.
32G^. A crnnium, dredged from the bed of the Thames, London, 18G6:
C. 527, L. 184, B. 145, Bi. 788, H. 135, Hi. 734, BX, 105, BA. 100, Ai. 952, Kh. 57, Nw. 24, Ni. 421, Ow. 39, Oh. 34, Oi. 872, Ca. 1620.
326 ^. A cranium, dredged from the Thames near Somerset House, 1865 : J* .
C. 525, L. 186, B. 141, Bi. 758, H. 130, Hi. 699, B^f. 105, BA. 96, Ai. 914, Nh. 56, Nw. 25, Ni. 446, Ow. 40, Oh. 35, Oi. 875, Ca. 1470.
The above four were presented hy F. BucMand, Esq., 1880.
326 ^. A cranium, found at a depth of seven or eight feet in digging the foundation for the Board School, Fountain St., Wandsworth Rd.
L. 174, H. 131, Hi. 753, BN. 100, BA. 91, Ai. 910, Nh. 52, Nw. 22, Ni. 423, Ow. 38, Oh. 35, Oi. 921.
Presented hy H. W. Jackson, Esq., 1881.
326*'. A cranium, found in a railway-cutting at the Minories.
C. 495, L. 167, B. 145, Bi. 868, H. 137, Hi. 820, BN. 100, BA. 92, Ai. 920, Nh. 49, Nw. 26, Ni. 531, Ow. 38, Oh. 30, Oi. 789, Ca. 1450.
Purchased, 1882.
326 A skull, found in a railway-cutting at the Minories.
C. 520, L. 183, B. 140, Bi. 765, H. 131, Hi. 7i6, BN. 95, BA. 88, Ai. 926, Nh. 56, Nw. 24, Ni. 429, Ow. 39, Oh. 33, Oi. 846, Ca. 1355.
Purchased, 1882.
326 A skull, found when excavating near AVaterloo Station : It was found above No. 295'.
C. 486, L. 177, B. li>7, Bi. 718, H. 125, Hi. 706, BN. 98, BA. 93, Ai. 949, Nh. 56, Nw. 26, Ni. 464, Ow. 40, Oh. 38, Oi. 950, Ca. 1205.
Presented hy the Directors of the London and South-Western Railway.
74
EunopE,
327. A skull, dug up near St. Michael's Church, St. Alban's: ^ .
It has two supernumerary upper incisor teeth, placed behind the others.
C. 5-43, L. 193, B. 145, Bi. 751, H. 136, Hi. 705, m. 102, BA. 108, Ai. 1059, Nh. 58, Nw. 22, Ni. 379, Ow. 39, Oh. 36, Oi. 923, Ca. 1600.
Presented by the Rev. John G. Hale, 1860.
328. A skull, found in 1878, with a number of others, three feet
below the surface, in a field adjoining Coldham Common, Cambridge.
The basilar suture is not completely consoUdated, and the third molars are not j'et in place. It is remarkably low in proportion to its length ; in conformity with this condition, the ascending ramus of the mandible has little height, as was the case with several others from tho same localit}'.
C. 520, L. 186, B. 140, Bi. 753, H. 116, Hi. 624, BN. 101, BA. 95, Ai. 911, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 34, Oi. 919.
Presented hy E. T. Newton, Esq., 1878.
320. The skull of an English sailor.
It has a remarkably low and retreating frontal, and a very depressed breg-matic region.
C. 540, L. 191, B. 143, Bi. 749, H. 123, Hi. 644, BX. 102, BA. 103, Ai. 1010, Nh. 54, Nw. 25, Ni. 463, Ow. 40, Oh. 35, Oi. 875, Ca. 1460.
Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 18G9. 330. The skull of an Englishman aged 54.
The upper part of the cranium is unsymmetrically developed, being prominent on the right and flattened on the left side.
C. 545, L. 195, B. 142, Bi. 728, H. 145, Hi. 744, BN. 103, BA. 96, Ai. 932, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 41, Oh. 36, Oi. 878, Ca. 1730.
Prepared in 1864.
330 \ The skeleton, wanting the hands and feet, of an English- man aged 44. Height 4 feet 11 inches = 1480.
Clavicle, r. 138, I. 141; humerus, r. 304, ?. 297 ; radius, }•. 215, 1.21S; femur, r. 405, I 410 ; tibia, r. 339, I. 340.
Cranium: C. 546, L. 190, B. 152, Bi. 800, H. 1.38, Hi. 72(;, BN. 90, Nh. 49, Nw. 20, Ni. 408, Ow. 38, Oh. 37, Oi. 974,
Ca. 1785.
Prepared in 1881.
ENGLAND,
75
331. The skull of an Englishman about 20 years of age.
The basilar suture is closed ; but the third molars are not fully in place, that of the right side of the lower jaw being still within the alveolus.
C. 507, L. 179, B. 140, Bi. 782, H. 135, Hi. 754, BN. 98, BA. 97, Ai. 990, Nh. 46, Nw. 21, Ni. 457, Ow. 36, Oh. 31, Oi. 861, Ca. 1425.
Prepared in 1869.
331 \ The skull of an Englishman aged 26, died Oct. 1879.
C. 487, L. 169, B. 138, Bi. 817, H. 122, Hi. 722, BN. 96, BA. 93, Ai. 969, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow. 41, Oh. 34, Oi. 829, Ca. 1220.
331 ^. The skull and pelvis of an Englishman aged 36.
C. 517, L. 186, B. 137, Bi. 737, H. 135, Hi. 726, BN. 103, BA. 98, Ai. 951, Nh. 49, Nw. 26, Ni. 531, Ow. 39, Oh. 32, Oi. 821, Ca. 1585.
Prepared in 1882.
331 ^ The skull and pelvis of an Englishman aged 67. The skull is atrophied.
G. 521, L. 187, B. 136, Bi. 727, H. 131, Hi. 701, BN. 101, BA. 95, Ai. 941, Nh. 54, Nw. 24, Ni. 444, Ow. 40, Oh. 33, Oi. 825, Ca. 1472.
Prejmred in 1882.
332. The skull of an Englishwoman aged 27.
This specimen and the next exhibit very well the characters of the feminine skull, when contrasted with the preceding specimens.
C. 512, L. 180, B. 140, Bi. 778, H. 134, Hi. 774, BN. 97, BA. 94, Ai. 969, Nh. 44, Nw. 21, Ni. 477, Ow. 34, Oh. 31, Oi. 912, Ca. 1410.
The pelvis of the same person is No. 161.
Prepared in 1875.
333. The skull of an Englishwoman aged 27.
C. 485, L. 173, B. 131, Bi. 757, H. 121, Hi. 699, BN. 87, BA. 82, Ai. 943, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Ni. 440, Ow. 36, Oh. 33, Oi. 917, Ca. 1170.
The stylo-hyals, not yet iinited by bone to the tympano-hyal processes, are preserved.
Prepared in 1870.
76
EUROrE.
333 ^ The skull of an Englishwoman : the last molars are not yet in place and the basilar suture is not closed.
C. 507, L. 174, B. 143, Bi. 822, H. 125, Hi. 718, BN. 91, BA. 83, Ai. 912, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 39, Oh. 35, Oi. 897, Ca. 1575.
Presented ly E. W. Cooke, Esq., R.A., 1880.
334. The skull of an Englishwoman aged 70.
But one tooth remains, the right lower canine. The cal- varial sutures are all partially consolidated.
C. 508, L. 178, B. 138, Bi. 775, H. 126, Hi. 708, BN. 96, Nh. 49, Nvv. 20, M. 408, Ow. 35, Oh. 36, Oi. 1029, Ca. 1200.
Prejmred in 1877.
335. The skull of an Enolishman aged 61.
Charles Nichols, formerly a clerk, and subsequent!}' a comic lecturer, a man of fair education and considerable dramatic and musical talent. He died in June 1877, having in his will left his head to the Museum.
ConsoHdation has commenced at the lower extremities of the coronal, the posterior end of the sagittal, and the upper part of the lamhdoidal sutures.
C. 516, L. 179, B. 140, Bi. 782, H. 135, Hi. 754, BN. 98, B.\. 87, Ai. 888, Nh. 52, Nw. 21, Ni. 404, Ow. 38, Oh. 37, Oi. 974, Ca. 1610.
Bequeathed hy 3Jr. C. Nichols, 1877.
336. The articulated skeleton of an Englishman, said to be that.
of the notorious Jonathan Wilde, who was executed at Tyburn, 24th of May, 1725.
Jonathan Wilde, the infamous thief-catclier, who had for many years screened from justice such criminals as obeyed hi.s orders, and caused numbers of others to be hanged, received sentence of death, at the Old Bailey, on Jklay 15th, 1725, having been convicted of receiving stolen goods, and taking a reward of the owners for returning them without discoveiing the robbers.
The skeleton was accompanied by a coffin-plate, bearing the inscription — '■ Mr. Jonathan Wilde, Died May 24, 1725, In y*^ 42ud year of his ago ; " and a letter from the donor, dated "22 Burton Crescent, June ISth, 1847," stated that it had been in tlic possession of himself and his predecessors for upwards of fifty years.
Height 1632 = 5 feet 4-2 inches.
EN^GLAND.
77
Clavicle 147, humerus 328, radius 236, femur 447, tibia 345.
Cranium : C. 520, L. 185, B. 134, Bi. 724, H. 135, Hi. 730, BN. 104, BA. 101. Ai. 971, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 42, Oh. 34, Oi. 810, Ca. 1425.
Presented ly Frederick Fowler, Esq., 1847.
337. The cranium of Eugene Aram, who was executed for murder at York in August 1759, and gibbeted in Knaresborough Forest.
Eugene Aram was born in Yorkshire about 1710, was well educated, and began life as a city clerk in London, but after- wards set up a school at Knaresborough. In 1745 he con- spired with two others to defraud certain of his neighbours of plate and goods ; and the confederates meeting in St. Eobert's Cave to divide their spoil, appear to have had a disagreement, which resulted in the murder of one of them, named Clark, whose body was buried in the cave. He was supposed to have absconded ; but the accidental discovery of his skeleton in 1758, and the evidence of the other confederate, led to the conviction of Eugene Aram, who in the meanwhile had occupied the post of usher in a school at Lynn, in ]S"orfolk. His defence at the trial was considered very remarkable for the ingenuity and erudition which it displayed.
The authenticity of the skull is thoroughly well attested, having been obtained from the gibbet by the grandfather of the donor, Dr. Hutchinson, a surgeon in practice at Knaresborough at the time of the execution (see letters, dated December 9th and 15th, 1869, Museum Letter-book, vol. ii. pp. 38, 39) ; and its condition tends to confirm this history, as it has evidently never been macerated. The end of the right mastoid process has been cut off, probably in severing the head from the body. It was exhibited at the Meeting of the British Association at Newcastle, in 1838 (see Report of Transactions of Sections, p. 125).
The cranium is small, and almost feminine in appearance ; but the mastoid processes are long, and the glabella well developed. There are two large symmetrical Wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture. The sagittal suture is partially obliterated. There is a considerable postcoronal depression,
C. 515, L. 185, B. 140, Bi. 757, H. 130, Hi. 703, m. 102, BA. 99, Ai. 971, Nh. 53, Nw. 22, Wi. 415, Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi. 895, Ca. 1400.
Presented hy the Rev. John Walker^ Bradwell Rectory, Great Yarmovth, 1869.
78
EUROPE.
337 ^ The skull of an Eiiolishmaa who was hanged for murdenng his wife and three children.
C. 550, L. 198, B. 140, Bi. 707, H. 139, Hi. 702, BN. 113, BA. 106, Ai. 938, Jsh. 51, Nw. 24. Ni. 471. Ow. 38, Oh. 33, 01. 868, Ca. 1712.
Presented hy Isaac Massey, M.D., 1883.
338. The partially articulated skeleton of an Englishman aged 31, being that of John Thurtell, a London solicitor, executed at Hertford, January 9th, 1824, for the murder of Mr. Weare.
The body was removed to St. Bartholomew's Hospital for dissection ; and the skeleton was preserved by Mr. Wormald, then Demonstrator of Anatomy.
The skull is massive and heavy, and has remarkably large mastoid processes, indicatino; great muscular development.
Clavicle 102, humerus 345, radius 248 ; femur, r. 491, I. 500 ; tibia, r. 403, I. 405.
Cranium : C. 535, L. 191, B. 146, Bi. 764, H. 143, Hi. 749, BN. 107, BA. 103, Ai. 963, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 461, Ow. 39, Oh. 34, Oi. 872, Ca. 1640.
Presented hy Mrs. Wormald, 1874.
338 \ The skull of a boy aged 14.
C. 495, L. 178, B. 136, Bi. 764, H. 126, Hi. 708, BN. 93, BA. 83, Ai. 892, Nh. 47, Nw. 19, Ni. 404, Ow. 33, Oh. 35, Oi. 1061, Ca. 1355.
Purchased, 1890.
b. Wales.
[339] A mutilated calvaria, from a remarkable tumulus at 279*. Porth-y-Ddarfarch (Towyn-y-Capel), Anglesea.
An account of the discovery of this and the two following specimens by the Hon. W. 0. Stanley, entitled " Towyn-y-Capel and the ruined Chapel of St. Bride, on the West Coast of Holy- head Island, with notices of the curious interments there disco- vered," is published in the third volume of the 'Archaeological Journal of the Archteological Institute,' 1846. The skull is described and figured by Professor Huxley in ' Prehistoric llemains of Caithness,' 1866. V. 495, L. 179, B. 130, Bi. 726.
Presented hy Hon. W. 0. Stanley, 1854.
WALES. — SCOTLAND. 79
34:0. A still more imperfect calvaria, from the same tumulus. C. 485, L. 171, B. 130, Bi. 760.
Presented by Hon. W. 0. Stanley , 185-4.
311. The frontal and facial portion of a skull, from the same tumulus. Presented hy Hon. W. 0. Stanley, 1854.
c. Scotland.
[342] A skull, found among the ruins of an ancient Culdee 281 ^ Monastery at St. Andrews, 1860 : ? .
C. 505, L. 173, B. 142, Bi. 821, H. 127, Hi. 734, BN. 99, BA. 98, Ai. 990, Nh. 43, Nw. 20, Ni. 465, Ow. 40, Oh. 31, Oi. 775, Ca. 1400.
Crania found at tlie same place and time are described in " Observations upon Sixteen Ancient Human Skulls found iu Excavations made on the Kirkhill, St. Andrews, 1860," by Dr. J. Barnard Davis, Edin. New Phil. Journ. vol. xiv. (1861) p. 191.
Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1866.
343. A cranium, from the same place : ? .
The teeth are much worn. The lower part of the coronal and hinder part of the sagittal sutures are consolidated.
C. 490, L. 173, B. 134, Bi. 775, H. 122, Hi. 705, BN. 90, BA. 89, Ai. 989, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi. 895, Ca. 1160.
Presented hy George Bush, Esq., 1866.
[344] A mutilated cranium, from the same place. 281*. Slightly platj'basic. The basilar suture is still open.
C. 530, L. 187, B. 140, Bi. 749, H. 118, Hi. 631, Ca. 1325.
Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1866.
345 & 345 ^. A remarkably depressed or tapeinocephalic cranium, and a femur, supposed to belong to the same individual : S.
These were purchased by the donor at the sale by Messrs. Sotheby and Co., on Marcli 22nd, 1865, of " a collection of Fossils and Minerals &c. formed during the last century by the Hon. Archibald Fra!:;er, of Lovat," and described in the catalogue as " Skull and thigh-bone of Lord Darnley."
The internal evidence afforded by both bones conclusively negatives Ihcir authenticity. Darnley, at the time of his death
80
EDROPfi.
in 1567, was about 22 years old ; and the bones are those of a man considerably more advanced in life and of great muscular development. The almost complete absence of frontal elevation, which is one of the most striking features in the skull, finds no corroboration in any of the known portraits and descriptions of the young Earl ; and the femur could not be that of a person invariably described as " tail," or " long," as, calculating at the usual ratio of 27'5 to 100, it would give a height of only 5 Icct 2"2 inches.
C. 533, L. 185, B. 145, Bi. 784, H. 119, Hi. 643, BX. 106, BA. 98, Ai. 925, Nh. 55, Nw. 23, Ni. 418, Ow. 40, Oh. 40,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1350. Length of femur 434.
Praspnted hi J. W. Belt, Esq., 18G0.
345 ^ A left femur resembling the previous cranium in cha- racter, and inscribed : " Thigh bone of Lord Darnley, husband of Marv Queen of Scots, murdered and blown up Feb. 10th, 1567."
Said to have been purchased with the above inscription at a sale at Sotheby & Wilkinson's with two other bones, " Thigh bone of Little John, Bobin Hood's companion, and shin bone of Humphrey, Duke of Gloster," by Mr. T. M. Grimshaw (25 Gt. Ormond Street, Bloomsbury), from whom this femur was purchased July 1st, 1880.
It is that of a very tall man and is probably the real thigh bone belonging to the cranium (345), 345 ' having been accidentally substituted. Length 538 mm.
346. The skull of a man, described as that of " a Highlander or Celtic Scot." 0. C. 5731.
C. 513, L. 178, B. 142, Bi. 798, H. 137, Hi. 770, BN. 94, BA. 95, Ai. 1011, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 36, Oh. 29, Oi. 806, Ca. 1520.
From the Collection of George Langstaff, Esq.
Purchased, 1835.
34G ^ The skeleton (nearly complete) of a $ ?
Clavicle, r. 136, I. 140 ; humerus, r. 325, I. 318 ; radius, r. 241, I. 238 ; femur, r. 445, I. 442 ; tibia, r. 367, I. 367.
Cranium : C. 496, L. 176, B. 132, Bi. 750, H. 132, Hi. 750, BN. 96, BA. 95, Ai. 990, Nh. 49, Nw. 22, Ki. 449, Ow. 36, Oh. 30, Oi. 833, Ca. 1290.
SCOTLAND . IRELAND .
81
346 ^ The skull of a $ . This aud the preceding specimen were dug up with other bones in an old British dwelling at Skerrabroe, in the Parish of Sandwich, Orkney, by the late Mr. W. Watt.
See " On the Dwellings of the Prehistoric Races in Orkne}-," by William Traill, M.D., Proceedings of the Scottish Anti- quarian Society, April 1868, where the tumulus in which they were found is fully described. These specimens are described by Dr. Garson in the 'Journal of the Anthropological Institute,' 1883,
C. 512, L. 184, B. 133, Bi. 723, H. 129, Hi. 701, BN. 97, BA. 89, Ai. 918, Nh, 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 36, Oh. 32, Oi. 889, Ca. 1485.
Presented hy C. S. Clouston, Esq., M.B.^ 1880.
d. Ireland.
[347] A cast of a mutilated cranium, from the bed of the river 279^. Nore, at Borris, in Queen's County : 6 .
Described and figured by Professor Huxley in ' Prehistoric Remains of Caithness,' 1866, figs. 60 & 61.
C. 562, L. 199, B. 147, Bi. 739, H. 138, Hi. 693.
Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1866.
348. The cast of a cranium found with the above.
C. 538, L. 191, B. 142, Bi. 743.
Presented hy Professor Huxley, 186G.
349. The cast of a mutilated cranium from the bed of the Black-
water River, in Armagh, " strikingly similar to the Muskham cranium (No. 289) in its general characters." C. 520, L. 181, B. 142, Bi. 785.
Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1866.
[350] The cast of another cranium from the same locality. 281'° c. 542, L. 186, B. 153, Bi. 823.
Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1866.
G
82
EUROPE.
B. France. a. Ancient.
The following (Nos. 351 to 3-55 inclusive) are easts from remains of prehistoric inhabitants of Perigord, discovered in 1868 by M. Lartet at Cro-Magnon, Vallee de la Vezere, described by Broca and Pruner Bey in ' Reliquiae Aquitanicae' and ' Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris,' 2 ser. t. iii. (1868), and by Quatrefages and Hamy in ' Crania Ethnica.' The originals are in tbe Museum d'Histoire Naturclle at Paris.
[351] Cast of skull, v^'ith humerus, ulna, carinated femur, platy- 279 K cnemic tibia, and fibula. Marked "No. 1, (S •"
Figured in Quatrefages and Hamy's ' Crania Ethnica,' plates iii., iv., and v. Described at p. 45.
[352] Cast of cranium, marked <'No. 2, $ ." 271)2. . Crania Ethuica,' p. 81, figs. 80 k 81.
[353] Cast of calvaria, with portion of lower jaw and tibia, 279 ^ marked "No. 3, 6
' Crania Ethnica,' p. 50.
Preserded hy the " Professeurs Administrateurs du Mus^e d'Histoire Naturelle a Paris" per M. de Quatrefages, 1873.
354. The cast of the right ramus of a mandible found by M. Boucher de Perthes in the gravel at Moulin-Quignon, near Abbeville, March 28, 1863.
See " An Account of the Proceedings of the late Conference held in France to inquire into the circumstances attending the asserted discovery of a Human Jaw in the gravel at Moulin- Quignon, near Abbeville ; including the Proces-Vcrbaux of the Sittings of the Conference, with notes tliereon," by H. Falconer, G. Busk, and W. B. Carpenter, ' Natural History Review,' Julj' 1863, p. 423. Also Dr. H. Falconer " On the Evidence in tlie case of the controverted Human Jaw and Flint ImplemenfB at Moulin-Quignon," ' Palicoutological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 601 (1868).
Presented J>>/ the same, 1873.
FRA>rCE.
83
355. The cast of a portion of a mandible found at Moulin- . Quignon in 1864. Presented hy tlte same, 1873,
356. A cranium from a Grallo-Roman cemetery at St. Aclieul,
near Amiens, in the brick-earth above the flint-bearing beds of the Somme valley : S •
In each orbit is a coin of the Emperor Magnentius, struck at Ambianum (Amiens). The adjacent bone is deeply stained with copper. Coffin-nails and angle-irons were found with the human remains in the cemetery, some of which are deposited in a drawer in the Museum.
C. 543, L. 194, B. 142, Bi. 732, H. 138, Hi. 711, EX. 107, BA. 100, Ai. 935, Nh. 56, Nw. 26, Ni. 464, Ow. 35, Oh. 34, Oi, 971, Ca. 1650.
Presented hy Henry Christy, Esq., 1865.
357. A calvaria from the same cemetery : S .
C. 550, L. 193, B. 145, Bi. 751, H. 138, Hi. 715, Ca. 1625.
Presented by Henry Christy, Esq., 18C5.
358. A skull obtained from a Gallo-Roman cemetery at St.
Acheul, by Sir John Lubbock, Bart. : S .
C. 508, L. 181, B. 134, Bi. 740, H. 126, Hi. 696, BN. 97, BA. 97, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow. 37, Oh. 29, Oi. 784, Ca. 1260.
Presented hy George Bush, Esq., 1868.
358 ^. The cranium of a Grallo-Roman from St. Acheul : s •
C. 530, L. 185, B. 144, Bi. 778, H. 131, Hi. 708, BN. 96, BA. 86, Ai. 986, Nh. 49, Nw. 22, Ni. 449, Ow. 36, Oh. 33, Oi. 917.
Anthropol. Soc, No. 48.
358 ^. The mutilated cranium of a Gallo-Roman from St. Acheul.
C. 545, L. 194, B. 141, Bi. 727, H. 129, Hi. 665, BN. 98, BA. 90, Ai. 918, Nh. 54, Nw. 22, Ni. 407, Ow. 37, Oh. 36, Oi. 973.
Anthropol, Soc, No. 205.
©2
84
EUROPE.
b. Modern.
" The following twelve specimens (Nos. 359 to 370, excluding 363 ' and 365 ') were extracted from the Catacombs at Paris, and are there- fore probably French. In the first six the frontal suture is persistent * ; and in most of them the high, broad, rather short, subspherical form of the cranium prevails." — 0. C. p. 883. ,
359. A metopic cranium. 0. C. 5719. J .
C. 530, L. 180, B. 150, Bi. 833, BN. 95, BA. 95, Ai. 1000, Nh. 50, Nw. 30, Ni. 600, Ow. 40, Oh. 32, Oi. 800.
Presented hij Dr. W. E. Leach, 1827.
3G0. A metopic cranium, 0. C. 5720. J.
The outer alveolar plate has been removed from the teeth in place, showing the great length of the root of the canine, and that the first premolar has its outer root double, while in the second it is single.
C. 523, L. 180, B. 146, Bi. 811, H. 135, Hi. 750, BIST. 100, BA. 94, Ai. 940, Nh. 54, Nw. 24, ISTi. 444, Ow. 43, Oh. 36, Oi. 837, Ca. 1500.
Presented hy Dr. Leach, 1827.
361. A metopic cranium, wanting the occipital bone. 0. C. 5721. 6.
m. 96, BA. 90, Ai. 938, Nh. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 453, Ow. 37, Oh. 33, Oi. 892.
Presented ly Dr. Leach, 1827.
3G2. A metopic cranium. 0. C. 5722. ? .
C. 493, L. 167, B. 145, Bi. 868, H. 122, Hi. 731, BN. 95, BA. 93, Ai. 979, Nh. 51, Nw. 22, Ni. 431, Ow. 35, Oh. 32, Oi. 914, Ca. 1385.
Presented hy Dr. Leach, 1827.
* These were probably selected on that account. In the edition of the Catalogue of 1831 the following passage occurs . — " It was a curious remark made bv Ur. Leach, and others who have examined that immense collection of crania and other bones in the catacombs at Paris, tliat tlie number of adult skulls in which the frontal suture remained unoblitorated was so con- siderable tliat, from a calculation made on the spot, he estimated the pro- portion to be at least one in eleven."
Kegalia has observed 141 cases of metopism in Italian crania in the National jNIuseum of Anthropology at Florence — almost exactly the same propoilion as that mentioned above. (Archiv. per Antropologia, vol. viii, p. 465, 1878.)
FRAis'CE.
85
363. A metopic cranium. 0. C. 5723. $ .
C. 520, L. 184, B. 136, Bi. 739, H. 127, Hi. 690, BX. 90, Nh. 52, Nw. 20, m. 386, Ow. 36, Oh. 35, Oi. 972, Ca. 1410.
Presented hy Dr. Leach., 1827.
3(33 \ The cranium of a Frenchman, aged 34 years, born at Yvetot.
C. 535, L. 193, B. 139, Bi. 720, H. 135, Hi. 699, BN. 97, BA. 93, Ai. 959, Nh. 54, Nw. 26, Ni. 481, Ovf. 36, Oh. 34, Oi. 944.
Antlirnpol. Soc, No. 215.
3G4. A metopic cranium. 0. C 5724. 6 ?
C. 500, L. 175, B. 137, Bi. 783, H. 126, Hi. 720, BX. 96, Nh. 52, Nw. 26, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 35, Oi. 897, Ca. 1150.
Presented hy Dr. Leach, 1827.
365. A cranium. 0. C. 5725. 6 .
C. 518, L. 180, B. 147, Bi. 817, H. 140, Hi. 778, BN. 98, BA. 87, Ai. 888, Nh. 51, Nw. 21, Ni. 412, Ow. 37, Oh. 34, Oi. 919, Ca. 1650.
Presented hy Dr. Leach, 1827.
365^. The cranium of a Belgian, from Brussels. (Metopic.)
C. 541, L. 188, B. 143, Bi. 761, H. 125, Hi. 665, BN. 103, Nh. 58, Nw. 24, Ni. 414, Ow. 38, Oh. 35, Oi. 921, Ca. 1550.
Anthro2)ol. Soc, No. 161.
365 ^. The cranium of a Fleming, from Ghent : (J .
C. 527, L. 183, B. 150, Bi. 820, H. 131, Hi. 716, BN. 100, Ow. 38, Oh. 36, Oi. 947, Ca. 1660.
Anthropol. Soc, No. 179.
366. A cranium. 0. C. 5726. cJ?
C. 512, L. 178, B. 138, Bi. 775, H. 134, Hi. 753, BN. 92, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Oh. 35, Ow. 33, Oi. 943, Ca. 1450.
Presented hy Dr. Leach.
367. A cranium. 0. C. 5727.
C. 512, L. 185, B. 133, Bi. 719, H. 132, Hi. 714, BN. 104, BA. 98, Ai. 942, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 40, Oh. 30, Oi. 750, Ca. 1360.
Presented hy Dr. T^each, 1827.
86
EUROrE.
368. A cranium. 0. C. 5728.
The basioccipital presents a median articular surface for the atlas, on the anterior border of the foramen magnum.
C. 515, L. 180, B. 142, Bi. 789, H. 129, Hi. 717, BN. 93, BA. 89, Ai. 957, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. 1375.
Presented l»j Dr. Leach, 1827.
369. A cranium. 0. C. 5729.
C. 492, L. 179, B. 131, Bi. 732, H. 120, Hi. 670, BN. 96, BA. 93, Ai. 969, Nh. 45, Nw. 23, Ni. 511, Ow. 38, Oh. 31, Oi. 816, Ca. 1200.
Presented hy Dr. LeaeJi, 1827.
370. A cranium. 0. C. 5730.
C. 487, L. 178, B. 130, Bi. 730, H. 123, Hi. 691, BN. 95, BA. 86, Ai. 905, Nh. 48, Nw. 20, Ni. 417, Ow. 37, Oh. 36, Oi. 973, Ca. 1220.
Presented hy Dr. Leach, 1827.
370^. The cast of a cranium said to be that of Rene Descartes (born at La Haye, in Touraine, March 31st, 1596; died at Stockholm, February 11th, 1650). The original is in the Paris Museum. See ' Journal de Zoologie,' Nov. 1st, 1872. Presented hy Professor Gervais, 1872.
370 ^ to 370 Thirty crania of Parisians, from a cemetery several centuries old. Many of them had marks upon them made by Broca, referring to measurements in his register now in the possession of the Anthrojiological Society of Paris.
Presented Avg. 1880 hy Dr. Topinard, Directeur du Lahoratoire d' Anthroj^oloyie de V Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Paris.
370 C. 510, L. 172, B. 152, Bi. 884, H. 135, Hi. 785, BK 97,
BA. 92, Ai. 948, Nh. 54, N\v. 27, Ni. 500, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1534. 370 C. 518, L. 177, B. 149, Bi. 842, H. 123, Hi. 695, BN. 95,
BA. 95, Ai. 1000, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 481, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1505. 370 \ C. 515, L. 179, B. 140, Bi. 782, H. 126, Hi. 704, BN. 97,
BA. 89, Ai. 918, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1293.
FRANCB.
87
370'. C. 519, L. 180, B. 143, Bi. 794, H. 188, Hi. 767, m. 100,
BA. 92, Ai. 920, Nh. 49, ISTw. 22, Ni. 449, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1593. 370 C. 544, L. 185, B. 152, Bi. 822, H. 132, Hi. 714, BN. 100,
BA. 95, Ai. 950, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, M. 471, Ow. 43, Oh. 35,
Oi. 814, Ca. 1720. 370 ^ C. 508, L. 181, B. 136, Bi. 751, H. 123, Hi. 680, BN. 99,
BA. 93, Ai. 939, Nh. 52, Nw. 23, Ni. 442, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1360.
370 \ C. 516, L. 175, B. 148, Bi. 846, H. 132, Hi. 754, BN. 99, m. 51, ISTw. 23, Ni. 451, Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. 1550.
3701 C. 505, L. 178, B. 140, Bi. 787, H. 121, Hi. 680, BN. 97, BA. 92, Ai. 948, Nh. 46, Nw. 21, Ni. 457, Ow. 38, Oh. 32, Oi. 842, Ca. 1350.
370^°. C. 517, L. 179, B. 144, Bi. 804, H. 137, Hi. 765, BN. 97, BA. 94, Ai. 969, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 34, Oh. 31, Oi. 912, Ca. 1540.
370 C. 505, L. 172, B. 145, Bi. 843, H. 134, Hi. 779, BN. 94, BA. 90, Ai. 957, Nh. 52, Nw. 21, Ni. 404, Ow. 39, Oh. 33, Oi. 846, Ca. 1545.
370 '^ C. 532, L. 184, B. 146, Bi. 793, H. 137, Hi. 745, BN. 106, BA.. 96, Ai. 906, Nh. 55, Nw. 24, Ni, 436, Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. 1610.
370 '^ C. 509, L. 170, B. 147, Bi. 865, H. 127, Hi. 747, BN. 100, BA. 98, Ai. 980, Nh. 46, Nw. 21, Ni. 457, Ow. 37, Oh. 34, Oi. 919, Ca. 1530.
370". C. 520, L. 181, B. 147, Bi. 812, H. 136, Hi. 751, BN. 106, BA. 101, Ai. 953, Nh. 47, Nw. 24, Ni. 511, Ow. 38, Oh. 31, Oi. 816, Ca. 1485.
370'°. C. 521, L. 179, B. 145, Bi. 810, H. 130, Hi. 726, BN. 101, BA. 96, Ai. 950, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 38, Oh. 32, Oi. 842, Ca. 1436.
370 '\ C. 492, L. 163, B. 144, Bi. 883, H. 130, Hi. 798, BN. 93, BA. 92, Ai. 989, Nh. 52, Nw. 22, Ni, 423, Ow. 37, Oh. 32, Oi. 865, Ca. 1340.
370 'I C. 507, L. 173, B. 142, Bi. 821, Nh. 56, Nw. 26, Ni. 464, Ow. 39, Oh. 35, Oi. 897.
370 C. 515, L. 182, B. 141, Bi. 775, H. 127, Hi. 698, BN. 99, BA. 93, Ai. 939, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 36, Oh. ,33, Oi. 917, Ca. 1460.
88
EUROPE.
370". C. 535, L. 179, B. 153, Bi. 855, H. 140, Hi. 782, m. 103, BA. 93, Ai. 903, Kh.